Libmonster ID: KZ-2886
Author(s) of the publication: L. N. TOROPOV

In October 1917, the proletariat of Russia, together with the poorest peasantry under the leadership of the Bolshevik Party headed by V. I. Lenin, carried out the socialist revolution. Its victorious outcome was also largely determined by the masses of soldiers who supported the Bolsheviks during the preparation and conduct of the armed uprising in Petrograd. Crucial to the conquest of Soviet power was the transfer of front and rear troops to the side of the revolution. A huge role in this was played by the activity of Soviets, including soldiers ' Councils, which emerged in Russia after the overthrow of the autocracy everywhere.

V. I. Lenin attached great importance to the formation and activity of Soviets. As early as 1905, he considered the Soviet of Workers ' Deputies "as the germ of a provisional revolutionary government." 1 After the February Revolution, when speaking about the creation of Soviets of Workers 'Deputies, he stressed the need to transfer" proletarian organizations to the army... and to the village " 2 .Thus, Lenin envisioned the emergence of not only workers', but also soldiers 'and peasants' Soviets. He believed in their life force and justified this belief: "The Soviets will never die, because they were formed... not on anyone's personal initiative, but at the will of the masses from below. " 3 At the same time, Lenin and the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) did not advocate the separate existence of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, but united Soviets or their unification under appropriate conditions.

Many works were written about the Soviets in 1917 .4 This problem is also discussed in the works on the history of the October Revolution 5 .


1 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 12, p. 63.

2 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 31, p. 5.

3 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 35, p. 139.

4 I. I. Mints. Formation of Soviets (February-March 1917). "History of the USSR", 1967, N 1; B. M. Morozov. The Party and Soviets in the October Revolution, Moscow, 1966; A. M. Andreev. Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies on the eve of October, Moscow, 1967; O. N. Moiseeva. Soviets of Peasant Deputies in 1917, Moscow, 1967; A.V. Bulantsev. Party and Soviets in the October Revolution, Moscow, 1969; G. I. Zlokazov. Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies in the period of peaceful development of the Revolution (February-June 1917). M. 1969; N. N. Demochkin. V. I. Lenin and the formation of the Republic of Soviets. M. 1974; Yu. S. Tokarev. Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies in March-April 1917, L. 1976, et al.

5 E. N. Gorodetsky. Rozhdenie Sovetskogo gosudarstva [The Birth of the Soviet State], Moscow, 1965; P. A. Golub. Partiya, armiya i revolyutsiya [Party, Army and Revolution], Moscow, 1967. Military training of the Great October. Voprosy istorii, 1977, No. 7; I. I. Mints. History of the Great October. Vols. 1-3. Moscow, 1967-1973; "History of the Great October Socialist Revolution", Moscow, 1967; "Hegemony of the Proletariat in three Russian revolutions", Moscow, 1975: A. M. Andreev. Soldatskie massy garrisons russkoy armii v Oktyabrskoy revolyutsii [Soldiers ' masses of garrisons of the Russian army in the October Revolution]. Moscow. 1917. Revolution and Counterrevolution, Moscow, 1976; A. M. Sovokin. On the way to October. Problems of peaceful and armed struggle for the power of Soviets, Moscow, 1977, et al.

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Most of the research is devoted to Soviets of Workers 'Deputies, United Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers 'deputies, and Soviets of Peasants' Deputies. The education and activity of the Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies remains a little-studied problem. This is also typical of works on the history of the Soviets in Central Russia .6 Special works are available only on the history of the Moscow and Vladimir Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies .7

This article examines the process of formation and main lines of activity of the Soviets of Soldiers 'Deputies of Central Russia, the process of their unification with the Soviets of Workers' Deputies, the Bolshevization of soldiers ' Soviets and their participation in the preparation and conduct of the October Revolution (February-October 1917). on the side of the proletarian revolution, the need for the Bolshevization of soldiers ' committees and Soviets, and the struggle against the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries on these issues have already been elaborated in P. A. Golub's article.

The Soviets of soldiers ' deputies played a major role in the preparation and conduct of the October Revolution. Their study helps to better understand not only the popular character of the socialist revolution, but also the essence of the acute ideological struggle that took place within the Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies between the Bolsheviks and representatives of the petty-bourgeois parties. The history of the participation of the Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies in the socio-economic and political life of the country allows us to understand exactly how the alliance of the working class with the poorest peasantry developed, as a result of which the socialist revolution won.

The main units of the reserve troops were stationed in Central Russia. It housed the garrisons of Moscow, as well as many regiments and units of the Minsk, Dvinsk and Petrograd military districts .8 In this area, the largest number of Councils of soldiers ' deputies was created. The peculiarities of their education and activities were characteristic of soldiers ' councils throughout the country.

In the provinces of the industrial center of Russia, a significant part of the soldiers ' Soviets was already under the influence of the Bolsheviks in the spring of 1917. In Tver, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Tula, Kaluga, Rzhev, Torzhok, and other cities, the influence of the revolutionary proletariat had a faster effect on the Bolshevization of both the Soviets and the soldiers ' masses themselves. In the provinces of the Black Earth belt, where the industrial proletariat was relatively small, many soldiers ' Soviets were influenced by Mensheviks not only in the spring, but even in the summer and autumn of 1917.-


6 Z. L. Serebryakova. Bolshevik factions in the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies of the Central Industrial District (March-August 1917). "October and the Civil War in the USSR", Moscow, 1966; G. A. Trukan. Bolshevization of the Soviets of Central Russia on the eve of October. In the same place; "Soviets of the Vladimir province in the period of preparation and development of the Great October Socialist Revolution (1917-1918)". Vladimir. 1969; " Soviets - people's power. Essays on the history of the Soviets of the Tula region". Tula. 1971, et al.

7 N. P. Shakhanov. Vladimir Provincial Council of Soldiers ' Deputies on the eve of October. "Our economy "(Vladimir), 1927, N 6; A. Ya. Grunt. The emergence of the Moscow Soviet of Soldiers ' Deputies. "History of the USSR", 1971, N 3; I. N. Vasin. Army and Revolution, Moscow, 1973; L. V. Muzyleva. The struggle of the Moscow organization of the RSDLP (b) for the Bolshevization of the Soviet of Soldiers ' Deputies (March-November 1917). diss. M. 1976, et al.

8 In 1917, the Central Industrial Region of Russia included 14 provinces: Vladimir, Voronezh, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, and Yaroslavl. This region had its own peculiarities, and the need to study them is justified in the literature (see, for example, G. A. Trukan. October in Central Russia. M " 1967, p. 4).

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kov and Social Revolutionaries. The Bolshevization of the Soviets took place here mainly after the victory of the armed uprising in Petrograd. This also affected the time of the establishment of Soviet power in these provinces: in November-December 1917, and in some uyezds even in January-February 1918.

The activity of the Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies from February to October 1917 can be divided into several periods: March-June (the period of dual power), July-August (the autocracy of the bourgeoisie), September - October (the Bolshevization of the Soviets, their participation in the preparation and conduct of the socialist revolution).

When the February Revolution took place, the leading organs of the Bolsheviks believed that it was the Soviets that should become the political form of the revolutionary - democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry. The Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) of February 27 "To all citizens of Russia" stated that the elected Soviet of Workers ' Deputies should create a Provisional revolutionary Government .9 The same opinion was held by the Bolsheviks of Moscow. However, the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, formed on February 27, did not create a revolutionary government, since the majority of the Soviet was made up of Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries, who gave the bourgeoisie the opportunity to form a counter-revolutionary Provisional Government.

Two Soviets were formed in Moscow: on March 1, the Soviet of Workers 'Deputies and on March 4, the Soviet of Soldiers' Deputies. The main reason for their separate existence was the persistent opposition to the unification of workers and soldiers on the part of the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries, who formed the majority in the Moscow Soviets. On March 10, at a joint meeting of the executive committees of the Soviets, on the proposal of the Bolsheviks, it was decided to continue holding joint meetings and holding joint meetings of the Soviets .10 Thus, although the Councils did not unite, many issues were resolved by them in joint meetings.

Since the beginning of March, the process of forming Councils has taken place throughout the country. Active participation in their creation was taken by soldiers who had to overcome the stubborn resistance of the monarchical command. Officers in Nizhny Novgorod, Tula ,Orel, Vyazniki, and other Central Russian cities strongly opposed the creation of soldiers ' Councils. 11 The initiators of the creation of soldiers 'Soviets were the Bolsheviks and the Soviets of Workers' Deputies led by them. In Nizhny Novgorod, at the call of the Soviet of Workers 'Deputies, headed by the Bolshevik V. N. Losev, the Soviet of Soldiers' Deputies was created on March 4. 12 In Kovrov, the Soldiers ' Council was formed on the initiative of the Bolsheviks M. S. Leshko, G. S. Berlin and others.

Usually, Councils of workers 'deputies were formed first, and then soldiers' deputies, but in some cities (Rostov-Yaroslavsky, Vladimir)13 the opposite happened. This was explained by the fact that there were many representatives of the working class among the soldiers of the garrisons, who were able to organize the masses of soldiers and create them much earlier.


9 " The CPSU in the struggle for the victory of the Socialist Revolution in the period of dual power. February 27-July 4, 1917". Collection of documents, Moscow, 1957, p. 29.

10 "Социал-демократ", 12.III.1917.

11 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 13668, op. 1, d. 5, l. 97; "Izvestiya Moskovskogo Soveta rabochikh deputatov", 22. IV. 1917; M. Lyubovikov, I. Nechaev, M. Shniprov. 1917-1920. Chronicle of revolutionary events in the Gorky region. Gorky, 1932, pp. 15-17; "Essays on the history of the Tula Organization of the CPSU". Tula. 1967, p. 55.

12 "Izvestiya Nizhegorodskogo Soveta rabochikh deputatsii", 5. III. 1917.

13 Party Archive of the Ivanovo region (PAIO), f. 281, op. 1, 983, l. 15; I. I. Mints. History of the Great October, Vol. 1, p. 801.

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Soviets of soldiers ' deputies. There were cases when soldiers 'Soviets contributed to the formation of Soviets of Workers' Deputies. Thus, with the assistance of the Skopinsky Soldiers 'Council, the Council of Workers' Deputies of the Pobedinsky mine 14 was created .

The formation of Soviets of soldiers ' deputies went on throughout the spring and even in the summer of 1917. During this period, regimental, garrison, and district councils of soldiers 'deputies were created, and only in the Vladimir province on May 10 did the provincial Council of Soldiers' Deputies arise. Based on archival and literary sources, we have established that in Central Russia in 1917 there were at least 79 Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies (some of them were called Soviets of Military Deputies). 50 Soviets were formed in March, 11-in March-April, 5-in April, 4-in May, 1-in June, 1-in September; the time of formation of the remaining Soviets is set by bale only approximately. Consequently, the majority of Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies were formed in March 191715 .

The number of members of the Soviets of Soldiers ' deputies was not the same and depended on the total number of soldiers and officers in the garrison. The Council of Soldiers ' Deputies of Moscow in March included 626 people, Ryazan-180, Nizhny Novgorod-190, Tver-120, Vladimir-65, Kostroma-over 50, Serpukhov-28, Kaluga -27 people 16 . The main composition of the Soviets was soldiers, but they also included officers: in the Voronezh garrison Council, they made up 1/4 of the deputies, in the Orel garrison Council - half .17 The proportion of officers in the Councils affected the content of decisions made.

In terms of party composition, the soldiers ' Soviets were mostly Socialist-Revolutionary and Menshevik. The Bolsheviks significantly prevailed in the Councils of soldiers ' deputies of Yaroslavl (July 10-75 out of 105), Srednyaya station (near Aleksin) (June 15-19 out of 27), Rostov (the majority since its inception). The Bolsheviks also influenced the soldiers ' councils of Vladimir, Bobrov, Tver, Tula, Kozlov, Usmani, and others .18

In addition to the soldiers 'Councils, at least 17 Councils of Soldiers 'and Officers' Deputies and 11 Councils of Officers ' Deputies were formed in the garrisons and parts of Central Russia. There were many monarchists in the officers ' councils. These Councils were formed by order of the command and were advisory in nature. The soldiers understood whose interests the officers ' Councils represented, and sought the elimination of the latter


14 " The struggle for the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power in the Ryazan province (1917-1920)". Collection of documents. Ryazan. 1957, p. 110.

15 The table attached to the article provides a clear picture of the time when Soviets were created with the participation of military deputies. These tables allow us to supplement the information published by I. I. Mints (I. I. Mints. Formation of Soviets (February-March 1917), pp. 7-17).

16 "Minutes of the plenary meetings of the Moscow Regional Bureau of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies "(hereinafter - " Minutes of the plenary meetings..."). Vladimir, 1917, p. 56; S. P. Shepelev. Kostroma garrison in the days of October. Kostroma. 1957, p. 15; " The Revolutionary movement in Russia in April 1917. April crisis", Moscow, 1958, p. 240; A.M. Andreev. Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies on the eve of October, p. 61; A. Ya. Grunt. Moscow. 1917, p. 91; A. S. Kolesnikov. Military and combat work of the Nizhny Novgorod Bolsheviks in 1917 Cand. diss. M. 1971, p. 76.

17 TSGVIA USSR, f. 13668, op. 1, d. 5, l. 97; " Minutes of plenary meetings...", p. 7, 8, 48, 51, 54, 56; "The Revolutionary Movement in Russia in April 1917", p. 210.

18 Sotsial-Demokrat, 15. VI. 1917; "Minutes of the Second Moscow Regional Conference of the RSDLP (b) of 1917". Proletarian Revolution, 1929, No. 12, p. 146; "Essays on the history of the Yaroslavl organization of the CPSU". Yaroslavl. 1967, p. 149; A.M. Andreev. Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies on the eve of October, pp. 60-62.

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or converting them into Soviets of Military deputies. The Council of Officers ' Deputies was the first to appear in Kursk, but on March 9 it was replenished with representatives of soldiers and transformed into the Council of Military Deputies .19

From the first days of the revolution, the Bolsheviks took measures to create Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, as well as to unite the separate soldiers 'and Workers' Soviets. In total, more than 100 Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies were formed in Central Russia: 35 in March, 12 in April, 4 in March-April, 6 in May, 3 in June, 1 in August, and 2 in September. The exact time of formation of the remaining united Councils has not yet been determined. We have also identified 42 Soviets of Workers', Soldiers 'and Peasants' Deputies, mostly established in the spring and summer of 1917. Councils of soldiers 'and Peasants' deputies were formed in Staritsa and Zubtsov. Owing to the resistance of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, who had a majority in the peasant Soviets, the latter did not unite with the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies in most cities until after the victory of the armed insurrection in Petrograd.

The merger of the Soviets in many cases did not lead to a complete merger. The Soviet of Workers 'Deputies and the Soviet of Soldiers' Deputies continued to function as workers 'and soldiers' sections of the united Soviets. When the Councils were united, a single executive committee was created, but often the sections retained separate executive committees. So, in Kaluga, after the unification of the Soviets in April, there were three executive committees .20

Soldiers played an important role in the united Soviets, which is confirmed, for example, by the social composition of their executive committees in the spring and summer of 1917. Workers and soldiers were equally represented in Orel (30 and 30), Rzhev (18 and 18), Yaroslavl (5 and 5), Shuya (8 and 7), Kostroma (Provincial Council 13 and 12), Tver (provincial bureau 20 and 20). In Vyshny Volochok (7 and 3) and Kovrov (20 and 10), soldiers made up 1/3 of deputies, while in Kaluga (5 and 10), Vyazniki (3 and 5), Nizhny Novgorod (10 and 15) and Torzhok (presidium 2 and 10), soldiers were significantly more than workers .21 Making up half or even the majority of the members of the executive committees, the soldiers actively participated not only in the development and adoption of Soviet resolutions, but also in their implementation. Often, soldiers headed commissions created under the Soviets, were delegated to Petrograd, Moscow and other cities, were sent to counties to resolve conflicts between peasants and landlords, and went to the front as part of delegations.

The party composition of the united Soviets was at first predominantly Socialist-Revolutionary and Menshevik. In the spring, the Soviets of Bryansk, Yelets, and Lipetsk numbered 2-3 Bolsheviks each, 5-7 in Orel, Kimry, and Smolensk, and 15 in Voronezh and Vyshny Volochyok. Only in the Soviets of Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Kovrov, Orekhovo-Zuev, Podolsk, and Vichuga did members of the RSDLP (b) form a majority .22 In many


19 " Minutes of plenary meetings...", p. 44.

20 "The establishment of Soviet power in the Kaluga province". Documents and materials. Kaluga. 1957, pp. 46-47.

21 PAIO, f. 281, op. 3, d. 62, l. 94; Party Archive of the Yaroslavl region( PAAO), f. 394. op. 3, d. 33, ll. 16-18; GAVO, f. 29, op. 1, d. 1, ll. 20-24;"Izvestia of the Kaluga Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, 30.V. 1917; Izvestia of the Vyaznikovsky Executive Committee, 16. III. 1917; " Association "(Tver), 16. V. 1917; "Rzhev Unity", 30. V. 1917; "Orel Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers 'Deputies in Russia". 1917". Documents and materials. Voronezh. 1932, p. 38; A. G. Solovyov. Days of great trials. "October in Vyshny Volochyok". Kalinin. 1957, p. 92.

22 Party Archive of the Vladimir region (PAVO), f. 18, op. 1, d. 1, ll. 1, 2; " The Great October Socialist Revolution. Chronicle of Events", vol. II. Moscow, 1959, pp. 122, 283, 285; " Correspondence of the secretariat of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) with local party organizations (March-October 1917)". Collection of documents. Moscow, 1957, p. 116; A. I. Kotelenets. At the head of the Revolutionary Peasantry, Moscow, 1957, p. 44.

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In other cities, the Bolsheviks were represented in the executive committees of the Soviets: in Vichug they had 15 out of 19 seats, in Vyshny Volochyok - 8 out of 13, in Ivanovo-Voznesensk in March - 6 out of 11, and in May - 15 out of 20. Podolsk - 15 out of 17 23 . In a number of cities, the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' deputies were headed by Bolshevik workers: in Ivanovo-Voznesensk-V. P. Kuznetsov, then N. A. Zhidelev, Shuya-M. A. Belov, Podolsk - N. G. Chizhov, Kimry - G. P. Baklaev, Vichug - P. V. Polunov. However, in the spring of 1917, there were still few such Councils. The Bolsheviks were facing a serious struggle to change the composition of the Soviets and to elect representatives of the Proletarian Party to them.

During the period of dual power, the Soviets, including the soldiers ' Soviets, in most cases adopted resolutions proposed by the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries on questions of power, peace, and land. However, in cities where the industrial proletariat formed the majority of the population, at the request of revolutionary-minded workers and soldiers, compromise Soviets were sometimes forced to make decisions aimed at fighting the bourgeoisie. This was particularly evident in the activities of the soldiers ' Councils.

During the period of dual power, the Soviets democratized the army and resolved the most important issues of soldiers ' life, often acting as authorities. The Bolsheviks attached great importance to their work in the Soviets. Considering them to be organs of power, the party set itself the task of winning a majority in them, of turning the Soviets into Bolshevik Soviets. Immediately after the February Revolution, Lenin called on the Bolsheviks to work patiently and persistently in the Soviets, since "they are dominated by the peasantry, dominated by soldiers." 24 Proceeding from Lenin's instructions, the Seventh (April) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP (b) decided:: "It is necessary to work comprehensively within the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, to increase their numbers, to strengthen their strength, and to unite our Party's proletarian and internationalist groups within them. " 25

In the struggle for the conquest of the Soviets, the Bolsheviks had to overcome serious difficulties. Many Soviets were held captive by the compromisers and supported the bourgeoisie's slogan " war to the bitter end." In March, the Soviets of Alexandrov, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Orel, Rostov, Rybinsk, Shuya, Yaroslavl and other cities supported the continuation of the war .26 It was necessary to wage a decisive struggle against the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries, to debunk their slogan of "revolutionary defencism", while at the same time seeking to strengthen the influence of the Bolsheviks within the Soviets. Local Bolshevik organizations outlined a specific program of activity for the Soviets.

Many Councils acted as local authorities. On May 9, 1917, the Kostroma Council of Military Deputies declared itself the highest authority in the garrison, and all military personnel had to obey its orders without question .27 On March 10, the newspaper Sotsial-Demokrat wrote that the Council of Soldiers ' Deputies in Rodniki, Kostroma Province, had decided that all orders and orders of the military department should be read out.


23 A. N. Vertinsky. Cities of the Kalinin region. Kalinin. 1939, p. 33; A. I. Kotelenets. Op. ed., p. 44; P. M. Instantirsky. History of the city of Ivanov. Ch. I. Ivanovo. 1958, p. 337.

24 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 31, p. 137.

25 " Seventh (April) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP (Bolsheviks). April 1917". Protocols, Moscow, 1958, p. 260.

26 TSGVIA USSR, f. 79011, op. 2, d. 4, l. 11; GAVO, f. 25, op. 5, d. 1, l. 7, GAIO, f. 1122, op. 2, d. 6, l. 120; "Social-Democrat", 28 and 30.III. 1917; "Golos" (Yaroslavl), 17. III. 1917; " The Great October Socialist Revolution. Chronicle of Events", vol. 1, Moscow, 1957, pp. 241, 260.

27 Izvestiya Soveta rabochikh i voennykh deputatsii (News of the Soviet of Workers ' and Military Deputies) (Kostroma), 13. V. 1917.

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we passed through the Council. Acting as an authority, the Council removed some individuals from their posts. In some cities, the Soviets became essentially masters of the situation. In Kovrov, for example, thanks to decisions taken by the Soviet of Workers 'Deputies and the Soviet of Soldiers' Deputies, representatives of the Provisional Government were completely removed from the administration of the city .28 In Rostov, the Soviet of Soldiers 'Deputies, Bolshevik in composition, defended the soldiers' interests .29 Under pressure from the revolutionary soldiers, even the Menshevik-led Nizhny Novgorod Soviet of Soldiers ' Deputies, having received an order from the commander of the Moscow Military District (MVO) in March to send delegates to Moscow, replied that it was an independent public organization, not an advisory body, and did not obey the orders of the commander .30

The soldiers pinned their hopes on the Soviets, asking them to improve their food and living conditions, eliminate reactionary bosses, organize the work of medical commissions, ensure the regular delivery of soldiers ' letters and telegrams, and so on. On March 15, the Alexandrov Council of Soldiers ' Deputies set the period of stay of soldiers on leave and released them from classes on Sundays and public holidays .31 In the Tver Council of Military Deputies, the most active members were Bolsheviks, so the Council's decisions were revolutionary. On March 4, the Council decided that orders for the garrison should be signed by representatives of delegates from military units, except for the head of the garrison; on March 7, the Council decided to hold elections for senior soldiers and officials up to and including the sergeant major in all companies, commands, batteries and hundreds, and on April 27, a resolution was approved "to consider orders for the Moscow military District mandatory for the Tver garrison only upon confirmation of their order by the troops of the city of Tver." On May 1, the Soviet refused to comply with an order to send 100 soldiers to Moscow to load the wagons. The Council also refused to send eight companies to work in Arkhangelsk. The decisions of the Council caused confusion among the authorities. The commander of the MVO, Lieutenant Colonel A. E. Gruzinov, declared insubordination of the garrison troops and called the established order in Tver the "Tver Republic" 32 .

The soldiers ' Councils attached great importance to the democratization of the army. The posts of orderlies and permanent messengers were abolished by the Soviets of soldiers ' Deputies of Alexandrov (March 14), Nizhny Novgorod (March 25) and Yaroslavl (April 26). On April 8, the Council of Soldiers 'and Officers' Deputies of Rostov abolished punishments for soldiers "under the rifle", as well as strict, reinforced and mixed arrests as "unacceptable under the new civil principles" 33 . Such decisions of the Soviets were welcomed by the soldiers and raised their sense of civil and human dignity. Considering the Soviets to be authorities, the soldiers demanded the implementation of their decisions. Order No. 311 on the MVO stated that the resolutions and resolutions of the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies and their executive committees that appear daily "are considered by the soldiers to have the force of law and are accepted for execution" 34 .


28 "Essays on the history of the Vladimir organization of the CPSU". Yaroslavl. 1972, p. 122.

29 Proletarian Revolution, 1929, No. 12, p. 146.

30 Pravda, 21. III. 1917.

31 GAVO, f. 25, op. 5, d. 4, ll. 431-446.

32 TSGVIA USSR, f. 1606, op. 1, d. 441, ll. 14, 15; f. 7891, op. 2, d. 97, l. 29; GAKO, f. 163, op. 1, d. 297, l. 19; "Association", 13. V. 1917; "Bulletin of the Tver Provincial Provisional Executive Committee", 7. III. 1917.

33 TSVIA of the USSR, f. 7892, op. 1, d. 1, l. 305; f. 7901, op. 2, d. 3, l. 4; GAVO, f. 25, op. 5, d. 4, l. 433; State Archive of the Yaroslavl region (NNAO), f. 180, op. 1, d. 18, l. 7.

34 GAKO, f. 163, op. 1, d. 295, l. 11.

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The revolutionizing influence of the Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies on the soldiers was so significant that the heads of the garrisons had to reckon with the Soviets. On May 12, at a meeting of the Yaroslavl Council of Soldiers ' Deputies, the head of the local garrison stated that he was ready to comply with all the decisions of the Council of 35 . At the same time, the reactionary command made a great effort to make the Soviets become only advisory bodies to it. The resolutions of the general assemblies of delegates from the military units of Moscow (March 7) and Vladimir (March 13), as well as the order for the garrison of Alexandrov of March 16, declared that the organizations of officers and soldiers should be only temporary and advisory in nature .36 The authorities tried to interfere with the activity of the Soviets, to protect the soldiers from their influence. On March 13, the order for the 50th regiment (Rzhev) stated: "Orders issued by the Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies... unpublishing in the armies... they are not subject to it, since this Council has nothing to do with the army. " 37 Order No. 311 on the MVO declared that decisions cannot be taken for execution if they are not given in the order for District 38 . "You can't legislate for everyone"39, " the soldier was instructed by Order No. 76 issued in March for the 42nd reserve infantry brigade. This theme was taken up by the bourgeois and petty-bourgeois press. On April 26, 1917, Moskovskiye Vedomosti wrote: "We cannot understand why the voices of workers and soldiers should be heard in our country with particular authority and authority." On March 8, the newspaper Vperyod claimed that the Soviets were only a force pushing the Provisional Government on the revolutionary path. The Rzhev Menshevik newspaper expressed this idea more clearly: "The Soviets are the expression of the thought and will of democracy; they are organs of control, but not organs of power." 40 It was a demagogic phraseology designed to deceive the masses. Lenin pointed out that "it is impossible to control without power." 41

Being at the head of the majority of Soviets, the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries helped the bourgeoisie to consolidate power and pursue a reactionary domestic and foreign policy. Agreement with the bourgeoisie on all the most important questions is the main distinguishing feature of the activity of the petty-bourgeois parties in the Soviets. However, they could not ignore the sentiments of the broad masses of the people and were forced to carry out some revolutionary measures.

Attaching great importance to the press, individual Soviets of soldiers ' deputies (Moscow, Vladimir, Gorokhovets, Ryazan, Kursk, Tver) published their own newspapers. However, all of them were in the hands of the compromisers. Some of them soon ceased to exist ("for example, only eight issues of the Tver Military Newspaper were published).42 . Only the newspaper Golos Naroda (Vladimir), which became Bolshevik in the summer of 1917, played a huge role in attracting soldiers to the side of the revolution.

Following the example of the Soviets of Workers 'Deputies, the Soviets of Soldiers' Deputies already decided in March to issue Bolshevik newspapers for soldiers .43 Bolshevik-minded soldiers tried to get the Soviets to speak out against the slander of bourgeois newspapers, to make decisions about their closure. On April 8, the Council of Soldiers 'and Officers' Deputies of Rostov protested to the newspaper "Russkoe Slovo".-


35 GAJAO, f. 180, op. 1, d. 4, l. 16.

36 TSGVIA USSR, f. 366, op. 2, d. 56, l. 8; GAVO, f. 25, op. 1, d. 6, l. 461; f. 1181, op. 1, d. 50, ll. 12, 13.

37 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 7786, op. 2, d. 40, l. 76.

38 GAKO, f. 163, op. 1, d. 295, l. 11.

39 Ibid., d. 296, l. 92.

40 "Rzhev unity", 1. VI. 1917.

41 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 31, p. 250.

42 "Unification", 30. III. 1917.

43 GAKO, f. 1754, op. 1, d. 4, l. 7; GAVO, f. 25, op. 5, d. 4, l. 445.

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On May 17, the Nizhny Novgorod Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies decided to close the Black-Hundred newspapers Nizhegorodsky Listok and Golos Nizhegorodets, and to use their printing houses for solving the tasks of revolutionary propaganda . 45 The Soviet also denounced its articles against the Bolsheviks as "defamation of its political opponents and organizations of revolutionary democracy."44 On May 17, the Nizhny Novgorod Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies decided to close the Black-Hundred newspapers Nizhegorodsky Listok and Golos Nizhegorodets. Such decisions of the Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies were made possible by the growing influence of Bolshevik-minded soldiers.

Many soldiers ' Soviets were among the active organizers of the most important political campaigns in 1917: demonstrations and rallies to protest Milyukov's death, the May Day demonstrations, and rallies and demonstrations against the death sentence imposed by the Austrian authorities on the socialist Fr. Adler (May 14), for the transfer of all power to the Soviets (June 18).

Milyukov's note of April 18, which promised the allied powers to continue the war, caused mass protests. The Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies of Tula (April 21), Yaroslavl (April 22), Orel (April 22), and the executive committees of the Soviets of Tver (April 21) denounced in their resolutions the aggressive nature of the war and demanded the publication of secret treaties .46 On April 26, the Rostov Council of Soldiers 'and Officers' Deputies declared that the note fundamentally contradicted the previous assurances of the Provisional Government, and demanded a decisive rejection of all seizures and indemnities. 47

The May Day demonstrations that took place everywhere in 1917 also resulted in protests against the war. In many cities, active organizers and participants of demonstrations and rallies were Bolsheviks-members of soldiers ' Councils. In Tula, members of the Council of Soldiers ' Deputies, Bolshevik ensigns N. A. Rudnev and N. A. Glagolev, led soldiers of the 30th regiment to a demonstration under Bolshevik slogans. In Tambov, the Bolshevik soldiers 3. M. Balakin and P. F. Donskoe addressed the demonstrators. In Usmani, Ensign B. I. Moiseev, on behalf of the Council of Soldiers 'Deputies, said about the May 1 holiday:" This holiday is hated by the bourgeoisie. Why? Look at the banners - an 8-hour working day. The bourgeoisie, the capitalists, would like to be forced to work 24 hours for their profits. " 48 The May Day demonstrations testified to the unity of the soldiers with the workers, to their joint struggle for the further development of the revolution.

The soviets of soldiers ' deputies participated in organizing and holding demonstrations of protest against F.'s sentence. To Adler. On May 12, the Yaroslavl and Nizhny Novgorod Councils of Soldiers ' Deputies adopted special decisions on this issue with appeals to soldiers .49 Despite the opposition of the officers, demonstrations and rallies were held in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Vyazniki and other cities. The rallies were attended by Bolsheviks and prisoners of war. Their speeches were anti-war and internationalist in nature. The Soviets condemned the counter-revolutionary attitude of the officers to the demonstration. On May 16, the Yaroslavl Council of Soldiers ' Deputies censured the officers of the pontoon battalion who opposed the demonstration .50


44 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 7901, op. 2, d. 4, l. 4.

45 " The Voice of a Soldier "(Ryazan), 21. V. 1917.

46 GAJAO, f. 180, op. 1, d. 1, l. 24; "Orel Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers 'Deputies in 1917", p. 5; " The Great October Socialist Revolution. Chronicle of Events", vol. 1, p. 537.

47 TSVIA SSSR, f. 7901, op. 2, d. 4, l. 45; "Sotsial-demokrat", 2. V. 1917.

48 "Usmanskaya gazeta", 22. IV. 1917; "Essays on the history of the Tambov organization of the CPSU". Voronezh. 1970, p. 53.

49 TSVIA OF the USSR, f. 7881, op. 1, d. 2, l. 21; PAO, f. 394, op. 1, d. 33, l. 27.

50 GAJAO, f. 180, op, 1, d. 4, l. 16.

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The demonstrations of June 18 were accompanied by a condemnation of the Provisional Government's domestic and foreign policies and a demand for the transfer of all power to the Soviets. At the call of the Bolsheviks, the Soviets led by them attracted workers and soldiers to participate in them. On June 16, the Vladimir Soviet of Soldiers ' Deputies, after discussing a telegram from the Moscow Regional Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), decided to participate in a demonstration on June 18 under Bolshevik slogans. 51 Similar decisions were made by other soldiers ' councils led by the Bolsheviks. On June 18, demonstrations and rallies demanding the transfer of all power to the Soviets were held in Aleksandrov, Kaluga, Kovrov, Kolomna, Moscow, Podolsk, Rostov, Serpukhov, Smolensk, and Yaroslavl. Lenin gave a high assessment of these events: "June 18 was the first political demonstration of action ... an explanation of how the different classes act, want to act, and will act in order to lead the revolution further. " 52

The activities of the revolutionary soldiers ' Soviets during the period of dual power were multifaceted. It was aimed at protecting the interests of the masses of soldiers, the working class and the peasantry. This was especially evident in the struggle against the counter-revolutionary command and the bourgeoisie. The soldiers ' Soviets sought to remove the most reactionary commanders from their posts and put forward officers who were trusted by the mass of soldiers. The removal of reactionary officers took place throughout the entire period of the Provisional Government's existence. The command was not only suspended, but also arrested and even sent to the disposal of the Petrograd Soviet. So did, for example, the Bobrovsky Council of Soldiers ' Deputies, removing Colonel Alexandrovich 53 from his post on June 27 . Sometimes the struggle for the removal of officers from command positions lasted for several months. On April 15, the Valuysky Council of Soldiers 'and Officers' Deputies decided to remove Lieutenant Colonel SR Chalov from command of the garrison, but with the support of the commander of the MVO, he remained in this position. On May 29, the command committee, and on June 11, a rally of soldiers and officers again demanded the removal of Chalov. The command also turned a deaf ear to these demands. Then, on June 29, the executive committee of the Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies demanded that Chalov be removed immediately, stating that otherwise the Soviet "will take measures to remove Chalov independently." 54

The military Councils assisted the workers in their struggle for an 8-hour day, higher wages, and against the closure of production. On April 12, the Council of Soldiers 'and Officers' Deputies of Rostov, in which the majority was Bolshevik, assigned a three-person commission to force the manufacturer Kekin to start up the factory he had stopped .55 The Soviets of soldiers ' deputies of Pokrov and Vladimir supported the strike of Orekhovo-Zuyevsky workers who sought higher wages. On April 28, the Pokrovsky Soviet, in a letter to the factory owners, insisted on immediate concessions to the workers "in their legitimate demands." The Bolshevik Chairman of the Vladimir Soviet, I. S. Tokarev, declared:"We recognize the just demands of the workers and support them with all the means at our disposal." 56 Only with the support of the soldiers ' Soviets did the workers of Orekhovo-Zuev manage to meet their demands.


51 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 7814, op. 1, d. 10, l. 40.

52 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 32, p. 361.

53 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 1606, op. 2, d. 980, l. 94.

54 Ibid., op. 1, d. 454, ll. 8, 10, 22, 27, 29.

55 Ibid., f. 7901, op. 2, d. 4, l. 32.

56 A. I. Kotelenets. Decree. soch,, p. 45; "Voice of the People" (Vladimir), 18. V. 1917.

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Members of the Soviets of soldiers ' deputies assisted in organizing unions of female soldiers. In the spring, the "Union of Soldiers 'Wives"was created in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Its activities were directed by a member of the Presidium of the Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, soldier of the 199th Regiment, Bolshevik A. I. Zhugin. In the summer of 1917, the Union of Soldiers 'Wives supported the Bolshevik slogan" All power to the Soviets!"57 . The committee of female soldiers, established in Tula at the end of March, included from the executive committee of the Tula Soviet the Bolshevik soldiers of the 30th regiment S. O. Paradis and F. Kovalenko, who organized the female soldiers to fight against the bourgeoisie and the reactionary command. The active protest of the soldiers forced provincial commissar Dzyubin to release Paradis and Kovalenko in July .58 The soviets of soldiers 'deputies (for example, in Vladimir) supported the demands of female soldiers on the authorities of the Provisional Government, and significantly contributed to improving the financial situation of soldiers' families .59 Unions of female soldiers, created by the Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies, also worked in Kostroma, Kursk and other cities. Some of them were formed only on the eve of the October armed uprising, for example, in Nizhny Novgorod-on October 1960. The Bolsheviks, members of soldiers ' councils, helped many active female soldiers to join the ranks of fighters for the socialist revolution: M. G. Mashinistova, M. A. Shustova, A. N. Gladysheva (Ivanovo-Voznesensk); A. I. Gulevich, E. V. Podlipchuk (Nizhny Novgorod); Abrashina, Ivanova, Malikova (Tula); R. I. Pravdivtseva, S. L. Levitskaya-Aristarkhova (Kursk) 61 .

The activities of the revolutionary soldiers 'Soviets were directed by local urban and military organizations of the RSDLP (b). In the summer of 1917, close contact with the Soviets of Soldiers' Deputies was maintained by the urban Bolshevik organizations of Vladimir, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, the military organizations of the RSDLP (b) of Tver, Rzhev, Zubtsov, Kovrov and other cities. Reports on the work of the Soviets were heard at committee meetings and general party meetings. So, on June 27, Vladimir's Bolsheviks heard the report of the chairman of the Council of Soldiers ' Deputies I. S. Tokarev on the preparations for the city Duma elections. The report revealed that about 3 thousand soldiers were suspended from participating in the elections. The city organization of the RSDLP (b) demanded that the Council seek to grant electoral rights to all soldiers, otherwise the elections will be protested .62

In June, many Councils stepped up their activities. This was greatly facilitated by the All-Russian Conference of Front and Rear Military Organizations of the RSDLP (b), held in Petrograd on June 16-23, 1917. The conference participants focused on the issue of power. In his report on the current situation, Lenin stressed that "local authorities should be elected by the people themselves." 63 The resolution "On the democratization of the Army" stated that the Social Democrats should defend the organization of the "citywide Council of Workers' and Soldiers ' Deputies as the governing body of the poli-


57 M. A. Shustova. Union of Soldiers ' Wives. "Thunder Years". Ivanovo, 1961, p. 147.

58 S. O. Paradis. Bolsheviks in parts of the Tula garrison. "It was in 1917...". Tula. 1957, p. 114. 117.

59 "Voice of the People", 18. VIII. 1917.

60 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 1606, op. 2, d. 1007, ll. 61-62; M. Lyubovikov, I. Nechaev, M. Shniprov. Op. ed., p. 77.

61 "Essays on the history of the Ivanovo organization of the CPSU", Part I. Ivanovo, 1963, p. 407; " Kursk. Essays on the history of the city". Voronezh. 1968, p. 178; S. O. Paradis Edict. op., p. 114.

62 PAVO, f. 1, op. 1, d. 1, l. 4.

63 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 32, p. 364.

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military Bolsheviks should strengthen their work in the Soviets and other soldiers ' organizations in order to ensure the rights of soldiers and "the gains of the revolution against counter-revolutionary encroachments, no matter where they come from." 64 Guided by these decisions, the army Bolsheviks improved their work in the Soviets, especially in organizing mass actions of soldiers against the offensive policy at the front.

Soldiers ' Soviets under the leadership of the Bolsheviks disrupted the plans of the counter-revolutionary command to prepare for the summer offensive of the Russian troops in 1917. They actively fought against sending revolutionary units to the front. On April 30, the Vladimir Soviet of Soldiers ' Deputies announced that without orders from the Moscow and Petrograd Soviets, the Vladimir garrison would not send marching companies to the front .65 In June, the Provisional Government decided to withdraw the most revolutionary regiments in full force. On June 5, Kerensky, as Minister of War, ordered: "Fill up the active army with whole reserve regiments." 66 Executing the order, the commander of the MVO A. I. Verkhovsky demanded to prepare a number of regiments for sending to the front by June 20 .67 The news of this provoked an outburst of indignation among the masses of soldiers, supported by the Soviets. The soldiers 'Soviets of Vladimir (June 16 and July 3 - garrison, July 9 - provincial), Tver (June 22), Ryazan (July 7), the soldiers' section of the Ivanovo-Voznesensky Soviet (in July), the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies of Shuya (June 16), Kolomna (in July) protested against the withdrawal of the regiments. June), Orel (June 21), Kovrov (July 7), Yaroslavl (July 10)68 . But the majority of the compromise Soviets approved the withdrawal of units to the front. At the beginning of July, the Presidium of the Moscow Soviet of Soldiers ' Deputies even decided to organize a special commission to find out the reasons for the non-departure of units to the front .69 The protests of the Soviets against the withdrawal of the regiments to the front testified to the growing dissatisfaction of the soldiers ' Soviets with the internal and foreign policy of the Provisional Government.

By the end of the period of dual power in Central Russia, the soldiers 'Soviets of Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Yelnya, the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies of Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Kovrov, Orekhovo-Zuev, Kimr, Vichuga, Podolsk, and Rodniki were under the influence of the Bolsheviks and pursued the line of further development of the revolution. But most of the Soviets were still under the influence of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. The revolutionary proletariat faced a difficult struggle to strengthen Bolshevik influence in the Soviets, including the soldiers ' councils.

A demonstration of workers and soldiers on July 3-5 in Petrograd demanded the transfer of power to the Soviets by peaceful means. But the Provisional Government drowned the demonstration in blood. Assessing these events, Lenin wrote:: "The movement of July 3 and 4 was the last attempt by demonstration to induce the Soviets to take power." 70 The Moscow Bolsheviks decided to support the speech of the revolutionary proletariat Petrogra-


64 " The Communist Party-organizer of the victory of the Socialist Revolution (March-October 1917)". Documents and materials, Moscow, 1961, p. 214.

65 N. P. Shakhanov. 1917 in the Vladimir province. Chronicle of events. Vladimir, 1927, p. 43.

66 TsGAOR USSR, f. 406, op. 1, d. 1, l. 1.

67 TSGVIA USSR, f. 7883, op. 2, d. 47, ll. 585, 586.

68 Ibid., f. 1606, op. 1, d. 470, l. 38; d. 471, l. 57; f. 7814, op. 1, d. 10, l. 39; GAVO, f. 29, op. 1, d. 1, ll. 32, 33; "Voice of the People" (Vladimir), 11.VII. 1917; "Association", 24. VI. 1917; "Labor and Struggle" (Yaroslavl), 13. VII. 1917; "Shuiskiye Izvestiya", 22.VI. 1917; Izvestiya Moskovskogo Soveta rabochikh deputatsii, 23. VI. 1917; "Essays on the history of the Ivanovo organization of the CPSU", Part 1, p. 441; " The Great October Socialist Revolution. Chronicle of Events", Vol. II, p. 381.

69 "The Voice of a Soldier", 6. VI. 1917.

70 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 34, p. 29.

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Yes. On July 4, the Moscow Regional Bureau of the RSDLP (b) sent telegrams to major cities calling for immediate demonstrations under the slogan " All power to the Soviets!" At the behest of the Bolsheviks, the Soviets of Aleksandrov, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, and Kovrov approved resolutions on holding such demonstrations on July 5 . The soldiers supported these decisions and took an active part in the demonstrations. The appearance of soldiers on the side of the Bolsheviks led to undesirable consequences for the compromisers. In Serpukhov shortly after the demonstration under the slogans " Down with the offensive!", " All power to the Soviets!" there was a split in the Socialist-Revolutionary organization. The Bolsheviks, having won all the seats in the executive committee, gained decisive influence in the local Council of Soldiers ' Deputies .72 But in many cities the compromise Soviets spoke out against the demonstrations, and they did not take place.

The bourgeoisie, having flooded the streets of Petrograd with blood, established its autocracy. A series of orders were issued against the Bolsheviks and revolutionary soldiers. On July 7, Kerensky signed an order ordering the arrest of all those who called for the overthrow or non-execution of the orders of the Provisional Government. On July 8, he orders to restore discipline in the troops, "without stopping before the use of armed force." On July 12, the Provisional Government establishes military field courts and reinstates the death penalty at the front. On July 15, military censorship was restored.

The counter-revolution was aided by compromisers in the Soviets. Bolshevik agitation was banned by the Soviets of Soldiers 'Deputies in Moscow (July 6) and Tula (July 29), the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies in Volochok (July 17) and Kaluga (July 13), and the military section of the Rzhev Soviet (in July).73 . Measures were taken to prevent soldiers from participating in Soviet meetings. A similar decision was approved in early July by the Yaroslavl Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies 74 . The Soviets were sometimes openly hostile to the revolution. Thus, in Tver, at a joint session of the Soviets, the prosecutor of the Moscow Judicial Chamber, Staal, called for an open campaign against the Bolsheviks and their withdrawal from the Soviets .75 However, the workers and soldiers rejected such appeals, thwarting the plans of the counter-revolution and the compromisers. On July 9, the executive committee of the Ryazan Soviet of Soldiers 'and Officers' Deputies tried in vain to force the soldiers of the 79th Regiment to hand over the cartridges they had taken to the regimental tseichhaus - the soldiers refused to do so, saying that they needed them to fight the bourgeoisie. 76

In July and August, the Bolshevik - led Soviets received threatening warnings. On 14 July, the Kovrov Council considered the statement of the brigade commander Zmiev that circumstances might force him to come to Kovrov "with weapons to pacify elements going against statehood" 77 . This threat could become a reality, as Verkhovsky suggested that Zmiev, using weapons and an armored car, force the Soviet to comply and send a regiment stationed in Kovrov to the front .78 The command especially insisted on stopping Bolshevik propaganda, but the soldiers ' Councils did not agree to this.


71 PAIO, f. 281, op. 1, d. 428, l. 128; GAVO, f. 25, op. 5, d. 1, ll. 82, 83; f. 29, op. 1, d. 1, ll. 31-32.

72 A. I. Kotelenets. Op. ed., p. 57.

73 TSGVIA USSR, f. 7786, op 1, 35, l. 62; "Soldier-citizen", 7. VII. 1917; "Trudovaya Mysl" (Kaluga), 23. VII. 1917; "Essays on the history of the Tula organization of the CPSU", p. 167; "October in Vyshny Volochyok", page 101.

74 GAJAO, f. 180, op. 1, d. 2, l. 65.

75 A. Ya. Arosev. To the "protocol pages of the struggle against the Bolsheviks". Proletarian Revolution, 1923, No. 5, p. 289.

76 "The Voice of a Soldier", 13 and 14. VII. 1917.

77 GAVO, f. 29, op. 1, d. 1, l. 34.

78 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 1606, op. 1, d. 584, l. 109.

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we agreed. When Colonel Gorsky, the head of the Vladimir garrison, was asked on August 8 to stop "unorganized meetings, "the Vladimir Council of Soldiers' Deputies replied that it would give them an"organized character." 79

In the midst of the persecution of the Bolsheviks and the suppression of revolutionary actions by workers and soldiers, the Leninist Party prepared the masses for an open battle with the bourgeoisie. The Sixth Congress of the R. S. D. L. P. (B.), held from July 26 to August 3, emphasized the necessity of preparing the masses for armed insurrection. By temporarily removing the slogan "All power to the Soviets!" the Congress directed the workers and soldiers to use all methods of struggle against the bourgeoisie. The Congress paid special attention to the work in the army, the Bolsheviks ' conquest of army organizations, and the strengthening of the influence of members of the RSDLP (b) in them. Armed with the decisions of the congress, the army Bolsheviks intensified their agitation among the masses of soldiers. They attached great importance to their work in the soldiers ' Councils. It was fraught with risks, as the persecution of Bolsheviks was observed everywhere, and Bolshevik members of soldiers ' committees and Soviets were arrested. Thus, soldiers of the 207th regiment N. I. Chumichkin were arrested on July 12 in Morshansk, and ensign of the 57th Regiment A. Ya. was arrested on July 24 in Tver. Arosev, soldiers of the 6th heavy artillery division Rotar, Litbinyuk, Goncharov, Batarchuk, Raven, Vorobyov, in July in Kostroma-soldiers of the 202nd regiment Slivko and Kocharovsky, in Novokhopersk - soldiers of the 214th regiment Zuev, in Voronezh-soldiers of the 59th regiment I. Doctor, in August in Staritsa - soldier I. Danilov, in early September in Rzhev - non-commissioned officer of the 53rd regiment A. G. Alekseev. Attempts were also made to arrest members of the Presidium of the Shuya Soviet of Soldiers ' Deputies. 80 Mass arrests were carried out under the threat of execution (for example, the arrest of the Bolshevik regimental committee at Srednyaya station). More than 100 revolutionary soldiers were sent to the front 81 .

The compromise Soviets approved of these actions of the command. On July 6, the Ryazan Council of Soldiers 'and Officers' Deputies punished soldiers for participating in the arrest of Colonel Afanasyev 82 . On August 5, the Presidium of the Council of Soldiers 'Deputies of the 183rd Regiment put on trial soldier A. A. Anokhin, who," standing on the platform of Bolshevism, challenged the company to unorganized actions. " 83 The soldiers took all measures to free their comrades. In Staritsa, for example, the company refused to attend classes and demanded the release of soldier I. Danilova Street. On July 29, in the military section of the Novokhopersky Soviet, the Bolshevik ensign E. V. Plotnikov insisted on lifting the arrest of soldier Zuev. In the Tambov Council of Soldiers ' Deputies on September 12, soldiers of the 60th regiment sought the release of the arrested Bolsheviks. In Tver, on August 6, a rally of soldiers of the 57th and 196th regiments demanded freedom for A. Ya. Arosev, and on July 29, 1,230 soldiers signed a resolution for the liberation of the Bolsheviks .84 Soldiers ' demands opened the doors of prisons. The meetings of the liberated resulted in revolutionary actions. On September 12, soldiers and workers of Tver, meeting A. Ya. Arosev, carried


79 GAVO, f. 26, op. 1, d. 1, ll. 134, 135.

80 TSGVIA USSR, f. 1614, op. 29, d. 12, ll. 80, 100; op. 35, d. 29, ll. 4, 5; f. 16019, op. 1, d. 1, l. 9; PACO, f. 114, op. 2, d. 1, l. 9; PAIO, f. 281, op. 3, d. 62, ll. 9, 10; I. Danilov. October days in Staritsa. Sputnik Kommunista, 1925, NN 18-20, pp. 40, 41; Morshansky Telegraph, 13. VII. 1917.

81 "Essays on the history of the Tula organization of the CPSU", p. 167.

82 "The Voice of a Soldier", 9. VII. 1917.

83 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 7881, op. 1, d. 2, l. 111.

84 Ibid., f. 1606, op. 2, d. 1007, l. 9; f. 16019, op. 1, d. 1, l. 9; Sotsial-Demokrat, 30. VIII. 1917; Tverskaya Mysl, 9. VIII. 1917; I. Danilov. Op. ed., pp. 40, 41.

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banners with inscriptions: "Down with the war!", " Long live the Third International!","War with the bourgeoisie to the victorious end!" 85 .

The measures taken by the bourgeois Provisional Government, and especially the introduction of the death penalty, were rejected by the soldiers ' Soviets. On July 17, the Yaroslavl Council of Soldiers 'Deputies in its resolution" We cannot remain silent " demanded that the Government abolish the death penalty. The next day, the resolution was sent to the Vladimir and other Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies with a request to support it .86 Decisions demanding the abolition of the death penalty were taken by the soldiers 'councils of Vladimir (July 29), Tver (August 7), Serpukhov (August 16), Skopin (September 21), the military section of the Rzhev Soviet (September 6), the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies of Ivanovo-Voznesensk (July 26, August 13 and 30), Shui (4 and 12 August), Sergiev Posad (10 August), Kovrov (13 August), Sudogda (23 August), Belgorod (1 September), Rostov (5 September), Soviets of Workers', Soldiers 'and Peasants' Deputies of Alexandrov (6 August) and Bobrov (9 August)87 . At the same time, the soldiers ' Soviets advocated the transfer of land to the peasants and their committees, the removal and arrest of counter-revolutionary generals, the dissolution of reactionary organizations, and the closure of bourgeois institutions and newspapers. On August 10, the Ostrogozhsky Soviet of Soldiers ' Deputies opposed the death penalty, demanded the immediate removal of Kornilov from the post of commander-in-chief, the dissolution of the State Duma and the arrest of its members Purishkevich and Maslennikov .88

The revolutionary Soldiers ' Soviets assisted the poorest peasants in organizing a mass movement for land, in creating peasant committees and Soviets, and in holding elections to volost and uyezd zemstvos. Representatives of the Bolshevik Soviets had to overcome the resistance of the Social Revolutionaries, who in Ivanovo - Voznesensk, Kostroma, Kineshma, Shuya and other cities already in March and April adopted a resolution to strengthen agitation among the peasants. Social Revolutionaries of Moscow Vyazniki decided to form their own cells in each village 89 . The Bolsheviks fought for the creation of their own organizations in the countryside. The soldiers ' Soviets, which sent the Bolsheviks to the villages, provided considerable assistance in this matter. Especially many members of the RSDLP (b) were sent there during the election campaign to volost and uyezd zemstvos. The Vladimir Soviet of Soldiers ' Deputies organized flying propaganda detachments. The Yaroslavl Soviet of Military Deputies sent about 30 Bolsheviks and their sympathizers to the volosts, and the Kovrov Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies sent up to 40 instructors to agitate them .90 As a result, the Bolsheviks of Vladimir, Kovrov, Ivanovo - Voznesensk, Murom, Aleksandrov, Rybinsk, Shuya and other cities won the August-September zemstvo elections .91


85 "Tverskaya mysl", 13. IX. 1917.

86 GAVO, f. 26, op. 1, d. 1, ll. 41, 42, 45.

87 CGV. IA SSSR, f. 1606, op. 2, d. 1005, ll. 5, 6; f. 8139, op. 1, d. 15, l. 10; " The Great October Socialist Revolution. Chronicle of Events". Vol. III. Moscow, 1960, p. 36, 92, 109, 140, 141, 151, 175, 176, 186, 376; vol. IV, p. 134; I. A. Kovalev. Rostov Yaroslavsky, Moscow, 1970, p. 58; " 1917 in the Ivanovo-Voznesensky district. (Chronicle)". Ivanovo. 1927, pp. 174, 185.

88 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 1606, op. 2, d. 1007, l. 30.

89 Party Archive of the Kostroma region (PAKostO), f. 383, op. 4, d. 5, l. 118; "Izvestiya Vyaznikovsky Executive Committee", 24. III. 1917; "1917 in the Ivanovo-Voznesensky district", pp. 37, 38, 78, 79.

90 "Journals of meetings at the Vladimir Provincial Zemstvo Council for the months of September and October 1917". Vladimir, 1917, p. 2; "Establishment of Soviet power in the Yaroslavl province". Collection of documents and materials. Yaroslavl. 1957, p. 201.

91 PAIO, f. 1, op. 1, d. 4, ll. 22-32; PAKostO, f. 383, op. 2, d. 37, ll. 41-43.

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There are cases when revolutionary soldiers 'Soviets (for example, the Kaluga Soviet of Soldiers' Deputies) forbade the command to send punitive expeditions against the peasant movement (October). If the command managed to send soldiers to the villages, they often went over to the side of the peasants. Thus, 100 soldiers sent from Kovrov to Lukoyanovsky uyezd went over to the side of the rebels and arrested the police chief 92 .

In the course of the development of revolutionary events, the Bolshevization of Soviets, including soldiers ' councils, took place. The advanced workers, who had a wealth of experience in the revolutionary struggle against tsarism, played a huge role in this. They urged the soldiers to recall the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries from the Soviets and send Bolsheviks in their place. Such agitation among the soldiers was carried out by the Bolshevik workers N. A. Zhidelev, V. P. Kuznetsov, V. Ya. Stepanov, M. N. Razumova (Ivanovo-Voznesensk), S. S. Danilov, N. P. Rastopchin (Kostroma), I. I. Korotkov, P. A. Budkin (Yaroslavl) and others.

The campaign for the re-election of the Soviets began in the spring. The party launched a struggle for the election of its representatives to the Soviets. On April 23, Pravda wrote that if " a delegate does not express the majority opinion, re-elections should be held in factories and barracks." On May 8, the Military organization attached to the MK of the RSDLP (b), pointing out the need to strengthen work in the Council of Soldiers ' Deputies, decided to launch a campaign for the re-election of members of the Council of Deputies . The soldiers and their Soviets supported the Bolsheviks. Decisions on the re-election of soldiers 'Councils were made on June 5 by a meeting of soldiers of the 212th regiment in Usmani, on June 29 - the Council of Soldiers' Deputies of Yaroslavl, on August 6-the 2-thousandth meeting of soldiers of the 214th regiment in Novokhopersk, on August 18-a meeting of more than 200 Bolshevik soldiers of the 202nd regiment in Kostroma, on August 23-the soldiers ' deputies, regimental and company committees of Rzhev and others 94 . The conciliatory leadership of the Soviets prevented re-election. In Kaluga, to fight the compromising executive committee of the Soldiers ' Soviet, a "Meeting of Company Committees" was created on August 8, which demanded the Council's re-election on August 12. On August 13, the resistance of the Social Revolutionaries was broken - the Soviet decided to re-elect 95 . In Moscow, Tula, and Nizhny Novgorod, the re-election of soldiers ' councils mostly took place after the victory of the October armed Uprising in Petrograd.

In the elections of the Soviets of Soldiers ' deputies, the Bolsheviks won: on July 8, at Srednyaya station, they won 19 out of 27 seats, on July 10 in Yaroslavl - 75 out of 105 seats, on September 20-21 in Kaluga - 90% of all votes. Members of the RSDLP (b) were elected as chairmen of soldiers ' Councils and their deputies: in Rzhev - non-commissioned officer A. G. Alekseev and ensign I. Kh. Bodyakshin, in Novokhopersk - Ensign E. V. Plotnikov and Rippa soldiers, in Ostrogozhsk-soldiers N. N. Lisitsyn and P. V. Kryukov, in Yaroslavl - soldiers F. Bolshakov and N. F. Dobrokhotov. The Bolsheviks also headed the Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies in Vladimir (I. S. Tokarev), Rostov (V. N. Mantsev), Bobrov (Ensign P. Volynsky), Roslavl (military doctor N. N. Konopatsky), Vyazma (lieutenant G. S. Ovsyanik), Kozlov (I. I. Artemov) and other cities. 96


92 "October in Tula". Collection of documents and materials. Tula. 1957, p. 248; M. Lyubovikov, I. Nechaev, M. Shniprov. Op. ed., p. 79.

93 "Социал-демократ", 24.V.1917.

94 TSGVIA USSR, f. 16019, op. 1, d. 1, l. 17; PAKostO, f. 383, op. 4, d. 9, l. 56; GAJAO, f. 180, op. 1, d. 41, ll. 10, 12, 40; "Labor and struggle", 4. VII. 1917; "Usmanskaya gazeta", 9. VI. 1917; "Rzhev unity", 26. VIII. 1917.

95 "The establishment of Soviet power in the Kaluga Province", p. 13.

96 TSGVIA USSR, f. 1606, op. 3, d. 987, l. 55; PAKostO, f. 383, op. 5, d. 2, ll. 127-128; "Trudovaya mysl" (Rzhev), 8. IX. 1917; "Proletarskaya revolyutsiya", 1929, N 12, page 142; "Essays on the history of the Yaroslavl organization of the CPSU", p. 150; "For the power of the Soviets". Voronezh. 1957, p. 99.

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The active work of the Bolsheviks in the soldiers ' Councils was largely facilitated by the creation of Bolshevik factions in them. If in the Moscow, Vladimir, and Kovrov Soviets the RSDLP (b) factions were formed already in the spring, then in other Soviets - only in the summer and autumn of 191797 . In Ryazan and Vladimir, factions in the soldiers 'Soviets emerged much earlier than in the workers' Soviets. The factions charged their members with organizing and holding meetings, reading reports and lectures, distributing Bolshevik newspapers, magazines and pamphlets, and enlisting advanced soldiers in the ranks of the party. In Moscow, such work was carried out by N. I. Muralov, S. O. Kryukov, N. P. Plekhanov, V. Z. Esin and others. 99

The soldiers ' Soviets largely contributed to the defeat of the Kornilov mutiny at the end of August 1917. The open establishment of the military dictatorship of the bourgeoisie would mean the end of all the gains made by the working people as a result of the February Revolution. It was important not only to expose the reactionary nature of Kornilovism, but also to bring spare parts into full combat readiness, and in some cases use them to defeat and disarm the Kornilovites. The Soviets created military revolutionary committees, which, with the participation of the Bolsheviks, formed revolutionary volunteer detachments, took control and protection of railway stations, post offices, and telegraphs, and applied measures to isolate counterrevolutionary officers. 12 officers and the commander of a Polish regiment in Belgorod, heads of garrisons and regimental commanders in Rzhev and Zhizdra, a Cossack colonel in Kaluga, officers in Kostroma, Shuya, Bezhetsk and other 100 cities were arrested . With the participation of the Soviets, two companies of the machine-gun team were sent from Smolensk to Orsha, from Moscow - a combined detachment, and from Tver - three companies - to Bologoe, from Ostrogozhsk at the Liski station - 1500 people and Evstratovka - two companies, from Kozlov - two regiments 101 . Some detachments participated in the defeat and disarmament of the Kornilov region.

The military Revolutionary committees created by the Soviets in the days of the Kornilov revolt made a great contribution to its defeat. This is evidenced, for example, by the daily resolutions of the Ostashkovsky Committee for Revolutionary Action. On August 30, the committee formed a detachment of 25-30 people, who were instructed to deliver all Kornilovites to the executive committee of the Soviet of Soldiers ' Deputies. The Committee rejected the request of the Kazan death Battalion, which stopped in Ostashkov, to give it weapons. On August 31, all officers of the units were asked to subscribe to their non-commitment to the Kornilovshchina. On September 1, it was decided that the Presidium of the Brigade Committee should report on its attitude to current events at a meeting of the Council of Soldiers ' Deputies. The unit commanders were to issue weapons and live ammunition to the newly formed revolutionary company. Soldiers and officers were forbidden to visit the station without the permission of the company and regimental committees. On September 2, the committee decided to bring to the regimental court the ensigns of the 38th Regiment, Yegorov and Spitsyn, who were suspected of being loyal to Kornilov, and also to demand a revolutionary trial of Kornilov and his accomplices .102 Similar resolutions were adopted and


97 PAIO, f. 281, op. 3, d. 3, ll. 20, 21; "Sotsial-demokrat", 20. V. 1917.

98 "From the minutes of meetings of the Moscow Regional Bureau in 1917". Proletarian Revolution, 1928, No. 10, p. 176.

99 L. V. Muzyleva. Op. ed., pp. 16, 17.

100 TSGVIA USSR, f. 1606, op. 2, d. 1156, l. 378; f. 2003, op. 4, d. 7, l. 5; f. 2060, op. 1, d. 166, l. 123; GAKO, f. 163, op. 1, d. 49, ll. 20, 21.

101 "Establishment and consolidation of Soviet power in the Smolensk province in 1917-1918". Collection of documents. Smolensk, 1957, p. 90; "The second great Anniversary". Kozlov. 1919, p. 27; "Preparation and conduct of the Great October Socialist Revolution in the Tver province". Collection of documents and materials. Kalinin. 1960, p. 211.

102 GAKO, f. 1754, op. 1, d. 3, ll. 3, 4, 5.

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other revolutionary committees and Soviets. So, by the decision of the soldiers ' section of the Ivanovo-Voznesensky Council, a special 11th company was created, which was on round-the-clock duty. Companies of salvation of the revolution were created in Yaroslavl, Rostov and other cities 103 . The Soviets and soldiers ' committees were "the main heroes of this magnificent victory." 104

The defeat of the Kornilov region accelerated the process of Bolshevization of the Soviets. The Moscow Regional Bureau of the RSDLP (b) noted on September 27-28 that Bolshevik influence was firmly established in the Kaluga, Kozlov, Yegoryevsky, and Ryazan Soviets, and a delegate from Kovrov declared that "the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers ' Deputies is difficult to separate from the party."105 On September 30, the Rabochy Put newspaper noted: "The Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers ' deputies are almost all on the side of the Bolsheviks." The Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries were finally losing the confidence of the masses. Verkhovsky acknowledged: "The government and the Soviets, which force the people to fight, are beginning to seem like enemies of the people." On September 10, a report on the mood of the personnel of the 11th Infantry Brigade stated: "Compromise is already the past of the great coup, and its supporters are political anachronists in the eyes of the unconscious crowd." 106

In September and October, the Provisional Government continued to send the most revolutionary units to the front. In mid-September, the 88th Regiment, which had a strong Bolshevik organization, was withdrawn from Kostroma. From Rzhev from October 8 to 23, under the threat of using weapons, the command managed to withdraw most of the garrison. There were about 1,500 soldiers left in all four regiments .107 At the same time, the Government sought to introduce counter-revolutionary units into Central Russia. On October 2, the commander of the Southwestern Front was ordered to urgently transfer one of the regular cavalry divisions to the Moscow Military District. Appointed Minister of War in September, Verkhovsky secretly requested Stavka on October 6 to send cavalry units to the district. On October 20, the district headquarters again requested cavalry and artillery 108 from the Stavka . In October, the command began to crack down on the most revolutionary units. In the Moscow Military District alone, 16 reserve regiments were ordered to be disbanded.

The Soviets are largely responsible for thwarting this counter-revolutionary scheme. Decisions against disbanding and withdrawing regiments to the front were taken by the Soviets of Soldiers 'Deputies of Novokhopersk (October 19) and Vyazma (October 21), the Soviets of Workers', Peasants 'and Soldiers' Deputies of Rzhev (early October) and Roslavl (October 19), and the Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies of Bryansk (October 2 and 22).109 The Bryansk Soviet assigned a commission to monitor all orders of the brigade headquarters, and instructed the executive committee to create a military center to organize combat forces. At the same time, a decision was made to prevent the disbandment of regiments 110 by all available means until the elections to the Constituent Assembly . The Vyazma Council of Soldiers ' Deputies wrote down in the resolution that it is unacceptable "at this alarming moment to leave


103 PAIO, f. 281, op. 1, d. 451, l. 13; P. Kozlov, N. Rezvy. The struggle for Soviet power in the Yaroslavl province. Yaroslavl. 1957, p. 111.

104 "Proceedings of the Roslavl Soviet of Workers', Soldiers 'and Peasants 'Deputies", 3. IX. 1917.

105 "Proletarian Revolution", 1928, No. 10, pp. 177, 186-189.

106 TSGVIA USSR, f. 1606, op. 2, d. 1197, l. 5; op. 3, d. 1798, ll. 1, 2.

107 PAKostO, f. 383, op. 4, d. 10, l. 83; GAKO, f. 163, op. 2c, d. 49, ll. 183, 184.

108 "The disintegration of the Army in 1917", Moscow, 1925, pp. 135, 137; "Essays on the history of the Moscow organization of the CPSU. 1883-1965", Moscow, 1966, p. 272.

109 TSGVIA USSR, f. 1606, op. 2, d. 1013, l. 40; f. 7747, op. 1, d. 2, ll. 46, 47, 53; f. 7787, op. 1, d. 5, l. 114.

110 Ibid., f. 7787, op. 1, d. 2, ll. 46, 47.

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a garrison without a conscious element " 111 . However, the reactionary command ignored the decisions of the Soviets. On October 21, the commander of the troops of the Moscow Military District responded to the resolution of the Novokhopersky Council of Soldiers ' Deputies: "The regiment is being disbanded at the request of the Provisional Government and must be disbanded immediately." 112 It was clear to the soldiers that only by establishing the power of the Soviets would they be able to satisfy their aspirations.

In the autumn, the Bolsheviks intensified their work in the soldiers ' Councils. On September 20, the RSDLP (b) faction in the Moscow Council of Soldiers ' Deputies called on the soldiers to seek the transfer of all power to the Soviets. On October 7, it recommended that the soldiers recall the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries from the Soviet, and on October 16, it demanded that the executive committee re-elect the entire composition of the Soviet . On October 17, in the Alexander Council of Soldiers ' Deputies, the Bolsheviks made a decision to create a revkom of seven people, which was entrusted with arming the Red Guard. On the initiative of the Bolsheviks, on October 20, the Soldiers ' Council decided to arm all its members and requested the city commissar to hand over to the Council the weapons intended for the militia. On October 25, deputies of the Soviet took 300 rifles 114 out of the garrison to arm the Red Guards.

Detachments of the Red Guard played an important role in the preparation and conduct of the October Revolution. Decisions on their creation were taken on the initiative of the Bolsheviks by the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies: on April 19 - Vichugsky, on May 10-Ivanovo-Voznesensky, on May 13 - Alexandrovsky, on August 31 - Kineshemsky. However, such solutions were still rare. The Menshevik-SR majority of many Soviets rejected the Bolsheviks ' proposals to create Red Guard detachments. This was the case, for example, in May in Kostroma and on August 17 in Yaroslavl. The widespread creation of Red Guard detachments began in the autumn of 1917, after the Bolshevization of the Soviets. Decisions on its formation were made on September 5 by the Moscow Soviets, on September 6 by the soldiers 'section of the Rzhev Soviet, on September 15 by the Kolomna Soviet, in September by the Yegoryevsky Soviets, and on October 3 by the soldiers' section of the Nizhny Novgorod Soviet .115 Thus, following the example of the Soviets of Moscow, decisions on the formation of the Red Guard were made by the Soviets of both county and provincial cities. The Red Guard detachments were led by the most active employees of the soldiers ' Councils: in Yaroslavl - ensign of the 210th Regiment F. M. Gorbunov, in Vladimir - soldier I. S. Tokarev. The central headquarters of the Red Guard of Moscow on September 4 included 12 members of the Council of Soldiers ' Deputies 116 . Soldiers ' Councils contributed to arming and training the Red Guards. With the assistance of the Vladimir Council of Soldiers ' Deputies, 250 rifles, 250 bombs and 43 thousand rounds of ammunition were obtained for the Red Guard detachment at the Sobinka factory. With the help of the Bolshevik A. A. Khazov, the Orekhovo-Zuyevsky Red Guards received


111 Ibid., d. 5, l. 114.

112 Ibid., f. 1606, op. 2, d. 1013, l. 40.

113 Sotsial-Demokrat, 30. IX. 1917; Derevenskaya Pravda, 7. X. 1917; Preparation and Victory of the October Revolution in Moscow. Documents and materials, Moscow, 1957, p. 368.

114 TSGVIA USSR, f. 1606, op. 1, d. 427, ll. 64-65; GAVO, f. 25, op. 1, d. 2, l. 63; op. 5, d. 5, l. 55.

115 GAIO, f. 709, op. 1, d. 2, l. 7; "1917 in the Ivanovo-Voznesensky district", p. 100; " The Great October Socialist Revolution. Chronicle of Events", Vol. II, p. 63; N. Zhuravlev, I. Pankov. Chronicle of the revolutionary movement in Tver province. Kalinin. 1941, p. 99; M. Lyubovikov, I. Nechaev, M. Shniprov. Op. ed., p. 71; R. G. Tsypkina. Rural Red Guard in the October Revolution, Moscow, 1970, pp. 39-42.

116 " Interesting facts about the region. People, history, life, nature of the Vladimir land". Yaroslavl. 1973, p. 189; G, A. Tsypkin. The Red Guard in the Struggle for Soviet Power, Moscow, 1967, p. 82.

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from the 21st regiment in Pokrov 300 rifles, several boxes of grenades and 61 thousand rounds of ammunition. For the organization, arming and training of the Red Guards of Ivanovo-Voznesensk, soldiers of the 199th regiment A. I. Zhugin and A. F. Fedorov did a lot. The same regiment supplied the Red Guards with weapons. Members of the Soldiers ' Councils also provided weapons from the garrisons to detachments of the Red Guard of Vichuga, Yegoryevsk ,Kolomna and other cities. 117

The slogan "All power to the Soviets!" became universal. Under this slogan, demonstrations and rallies organized by the Bolsheviks and soldiers ' Soviets were held in Kaluga (September 12), Belgorod (October 7), Zhizdra (October 13), and Ryazan (October 15). On September 18, the Vladimir Provincial Congress of Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies demanded the transfer of all power to the Soviets .118 The bourgeoisie, using weapons, tried in vain to delay the revolution. In Kaluga, on October 19, Cossack units surrounded the building of the Soviet of Soldiers ' Deputies and subjected it to machine-gun fire, arrested and imprisoned members of the Soviet 119 . This caused a wave of protests in other cities. On October 20, after hearing a representative of the Kaluga Council of Soldiers ' Deputies, Geht, the executive Committee of the Tula Soviet decided to strengthen the protection of factories and put the garrison on alert. The Soviet of Railway Deputies was charged with monitoring the movement of troops to Tula and Kaluga . 120 On October 23, the executive committees of the Moscow Soviets demanded the release of the arrested members of the Kaluga Soviet, the trial of those responsible for its defeat, and the lifting of martial law in Kaluga .121 On the same day, the executive committee of the Council of Soldiers ' Deputies of Vyazma decided to take measures to protect the Council, not to send soldiers to the front, and to discuss the current situation, appointed a general meeting of the regimental and company committees of the 51st, 263rd and 305th regiments 122 .

While preparing for a decisive battle with the bourgeoisie, the working class of Russia expressed its firm confidence that the masses of soldiers would support its revolutionary actions. In the appeal "To the citizens of the Ivanovo-Kineshma region", announcing the beginning of the general strike of textile workers on October 21, the strike committee wrote:: "We believe that our fellow soldiers are with us and for us." 123 The soldiers organized by the Bolsheviks supported the workers in their struggle for the establishment of Soviet power. The soldiers ' Councils were very helpful in this regard.

In order to establish the power of the Soviets on the ground, the Bolsheviks and Soviets in late October and early November created military revolutionary committees( VRCS), which consisted of from 5 to 15 people. By party composition, the VRK was mostly Bolshevik: in Bryansk-5 Bolsheviks out of 7, Voronezh - 5 out of 7, Vyshny Volochok-8 out of 10, Kaluga-8 out of 12, Ivanovo-Voznesensk-4 out of 5, Kovrov-all 6, Moscow-5 out of 8 (together with candidates-9 14), Nizhny Novgorod - 7 out of 11, Ryazan - 6 out of 8, Tver - 7 out of 9, Yaroslavl - 4 Bolsheviks and 3 sympathizers 124 . Often, the VRK consisted of half of the soldiers: in Yelets -


117 PAIO, f. 281, op 1, d. 662, l. 22; "Thunder Years", p. 133, 222; R. G. Tsypkina. Op. ed., pp. 41, 42; p. 3ryachkin. The Orekhovo-Zuevskaya organization of the RSDLP (b) in the struggle for the Proletarian Revolution. Class Struggle, 1936, No. 11, p. 62.

118 TSGVIA USSR, f. 7900, op. 1, d. 8, l. 390; "Social-Democrat", 20. X. 1917; "Establishment of Soviet power in the Kaluga province", p. 439; Yu. Solnyshko. October in the Kursk region. Kursk. 1947, p. 28; P. P. Grishin. Formation of Soviets in the Ryazan province and their activities in the first years of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Ryazan. 1957, p. 34.

119 "Kaluga Region for 40 years". Kaluga. 1957, p. 40.

120 "October in Tula", pp. 248, 249.

121 GAMO, f. 684, op. 3, d. 8, l. 1.

122 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 7747, op. 1, d. 2, l. 54.

123 "Great October". Collection of documents and materials, Moscow, 1962, pp. 316, 317.

124 Sotsial-Demokrat, 3. XI. 1917; GAVO, f. 29, op. 1, d. 3, l. 18; " The Great October Socialist Revolution. Chronicle of Events". Vol. IV. Moscow, 1961, pp. 597, 598.

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6 workers and 5 soldiers, Kovrov-3 and 3, Kostroma-4 and 4, Melenki-5 and 5, Rzhev-5 and 3 125 . Sometimes the Soviets of soldiers ' deputies formed the entire composition of the VRK. On October 27, in Kozlov, it was decided to elect a revkom consisting of nine people (three from each Soviet), but after the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries refused, only Bolsheviks - members of the Soviet of Soldiers ' Deputies-joined the revkom . Many of the VRK were headed by the most authoritative army Bolsheviks among the workers and soldiers: in Vladimir - I. S. Tokarev, Voronezh-A. S. Moiseev, Ostrogozhsk-N. V. Lisitsyn, Rzhev-A. G. Alekseev. The VRK has concentrated all the power in its hands. So, without the signature of the Kozlovsky VRK, not a single order of the head of garrison 127 was executed . Thus, the Soviets, including the soldiers ' ones, created headquarters for the establishment of Soviet power in the field. Working in the VRK, members of the soldiers ' Councils actively participated in the implementation of the decisions of the revolutionary committees. The VRK provided great assistance to the working class of Moscow in its struggle against the counter-revolution. Vyazemsky VRK with the help of soldiers of the 263rd and 305th regiments stopped the advance of Cossack detachments to Moscow 128 . From Torzhok VRK reported: "We stop all trains going to Moscow and let them pass only after we find out their mood and the exact route." 129

The local Bolshevik Soviets welcomed the victory of the armed uprising in Petrograd. Mostly in the cities of Central Russia, the Soviets established their power peacefully. Great credit for this went to the Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies, who, under the leadership of the Bolsheviks, managed to unite the overwhelming majority of soldiers around them and did not allow the local bourgeoisie to unleash an armed struggle. Only in Moscow, Voronezh, Smolensk, and some other cities of Central Russia did the bourgeoisie attempt to retain power with the help of conciliatory soviets, using weapons. But even here the transfer of troops to the side of the Bolsheviks and the expulsion of the compromisers from the Soviets led in October-November 1917 to the establishment of the power of the Soviets.

The Soviets of Soldiers ' Deputies, which emerged in March-April 1917, did a great job of attracting the masses of soldiers to the side of the revolution. Acting under the leadership of the revolutionary proletariat as an organ of power, they strengthened the alliance of the working class with the peasantry, participated in all political campaigns, and exposed the policies of the bourgeoisie and the Menshevik and Socialist-Revolutionary parties that supported it. Soldiers ' Soviets actively participated in the struggle for the establishment of Soviet power on the ground. They expressed the interests of the workers and peasants and were the embodiment of their class union. The gradual unification of the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies was evidence of the further strengthening of this union. The resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU of January 31, 1977 "On the 60th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution "states:" The heroic struggle of the workers and peasants of Russia, which received the fervent and effective support of working people all over the world, showed, in Lenin's words, " to all countries something, and very significant, of their inevitable course." and the near future." It allowed all the oppressed, struggling peoples to see their coming victory. " 130 Experience of the Bolsheviks 'work in the army in 1917, and above all in the soldiers' Councils and councils.


125 GAVEAU, f. 1190, op. 1, d. 14, l. 305; PACO, f. 114, op. 2, d. 1, l. 16.

126 V. F. Morozov. The struggle of the Bolshevik Party for the establishment of Soviet power in the provinces of Central Russia (October 1917-March 1918). Saratov - Penza. 1967, p. 238.

127 Sotsial-Demokrat, 1. XI. 1917.

128 "Establishment and consolidation of Soviet power in the Smolensk Province in 1917-1918", p. 21.

129 Sotsial-Demokrat, 2. XI. 1917.

130 "On the 60th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution". Resolution of the Central Committee. CPSU of January 31, 1977, Moscow, 1977, p. 4.

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It is of world-historical significance, as it helps the Communist and workers ' parties to develop the right strategy and tactics in relation to the conditions of their country. The soldiers ' Councils brought up a remarkable galaxy of brave fighters for Soviet power from soldiers who, as fighters and commanders of the Red Army, defended it during the Civil War.

Formation of Soviets with the participation of military deputies in Central Russia in 1917. 131

Place

Time

Place

Time

Place

Time

Soviets of soldiers ' Deputies

Alexandrov

6.III

Kozlov

March

Rzhev

april

Arzamas

22.III

Kologriv

until 15. VIII

Springs

6.III

Balakhna

17.III

Kolomna

March

Romanovo-Borisoglebsk

May

Bezhetsk

up to 12. IV

Kostroma*

until 23. III

Roslavl

 

Belgorod

March

Kursk*

9.III

8th regiment

up to 7. IV

Bobrov

april

Lipetsk

March

garrison

up to 8. IV

Borisoglebsk

5.III

Liski

up to 4. IV

Rostov

March

Bryansk*

7. III

Lukoyanav

March

Ryazan

3.III

Buoy*

until 22. IX

Lyskovo

March

Savelovo

March

Valuiki

until 17. IV

We love you

up to 4. VII

Serpukhov

2.III

Vetluga

May

Makariev

until 11. VII

Skopin

6.III

Vladimir

 

Melenki

up to 1. VIII

Smolensk

4.III

garrison

3.III

Mozhaisk

until 15. III

Oxbow

18.III

provincial

10.V

Moscow

 

Suzdal

up to 15.VI

Voronezh

8.III

garrison

4.III

Tambov

5.III

V. Volochek

up to 8. III

evacuees

up to 4. IV

Tver*

3.III

Vyazniki

до 13.III

Murom

March

Temnikov

until 21. IV

Vyazma

2.III

N. Novgorod

 

Torzhok

7.IV

Gavrilov Posad

11.V

garrison

4.III

Tula

5.III

Galich

20.III

183rd regiment

until 27. IV

Usman

30.III

Gzhatsk

up to 25. III

evacuees

3.V

Rabble

March

Gorokhovets

up to 6. III

Novokhopersk

april

Shuya

6.VI

Yelets

до 12.III

Eagle

March

Yukhnov

18.IX

Epiphany

March

Orekhovo-Zuyevo

March

Yaroslavl

 

Prongs

up to 25. IV

Ostashkov

4.III

Military deputies

6.III

Kaluga

до 13.III

Ostrogozhsk

8.III

Soldiers ' deputies

up to 8. IV

Karachev

March

Pereslavl-Zalessky

april

Yartsevo

up to 7. IV

Kineshma

3.III

Pokrov

until 21. IV

 

 

Klin

March

 

 

 

 

Kovrov

8.III

 

 

 

 

----- *Councils of Military Deputies.


131 Tables are compiled on the basis of the following sources: TSVIA USSR, f. 366, op. 1, d. 19, l. 156; op. 2, d. 56, l, 14; f. 1606, op. 1, d. 454 ll 7, 10, 29; d, 489, l. 32; op 2, d. 962, l. 109, d. 975, l. 1; d. 1021, ll. 6-7; d. 1030 l. 7 d. 1190, ll. 10-11; d. 1175, ll. 12, 15; d. 1206, l. 2; d. 1217, l. 19; f. 7692, op 1 d. 117

page 67


Place

Time

Place

Time

Place

Time

Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies

Alexandrov

april

Yelets

12.III

Meshchovsk

april

Alekseyevka

until 11. VII

Yefremov

March

Mozhaisk

until 11. VII

Bezhitsa

until 11. VII

Ivanovo-Voznesensk

3.III

Mologa

up to 4.VI

Belgorod

12.III

Kaluga

12.IV

Morshansk

4.V

Belev

March

Karachev

until 11. VII

Murom

15.III

Biryuch

until 11. VII

Kashira

until 11. VII

Mtsensk

until 11. VII

Bobrov

up to 25. V

Kimry

March

Mytishchi

until 11. VII

Bogorodsk

7.III

Kineshma

until 23. III

Myshkin

10.IX

Borisoglebsk

7.III

Kirsanov

up to 5. IV

Nerekhta

March

Bryansk

2.III

Klin

12.III

N. Novgorod

10.IV

Buturlinovskaya Street

 

Kovrov

28.V

Eagle

9.III

sloboda

4.IX

Kozelsk

June

Orekhovo-Zuyevo

up to 2. V

Valuiki

up to 29.VI

Kozlov

until 11. VII

Ostashkov

until 11. VII

Vesyegonsk

March

Kolomna

until 26. VII

Ostrogozhsk

april

Vetluga

until 15. VIII

Korchev

until 11. VII

Pavlovsk

March

Vichuga

2.III

Kolchugino

until 30. VIII

Pavlovsky Posad

until 14. III

Vladimir

until 31. VIII

Kostroma

august

Pereslavl-Zalessky

until 11. VII

Voronezh

9.III

Kohma

until 11. VII

Podolsk

1.III

V. Volochek

14.IV

Kuvshinovo

until 11. VII

Putivl

up to 25.VI

Vyazniki

until 11. VII

Kulebaki

up to 31. X

Springs

up to 4. IV

Vyazma

until 11. VII

Kursk

21.IV

Roslavl

6.III

Gavrilov Posad

until 11. VII

Lebedyan

until 11. VII

Rostov

4.V

Golitsyn

March

Livni

until 11. VII

Rybinsk

7.III

Danilov

until 23. V

Lipetsk

april

Rylsk

March

Dankov

april

Liski

until 11. VII

Ryazhsk

9.V

Dmitriev

2.VI

Ludinovo

until 11. VII

Ryazan

until 11. VII

Dmitrov

6.VI

Lgov

March

Savino

until 11. VII

Dukhovshchina

until 11. VII

Maltsevsky

 

Sergiev Posad

until 11. VII

Dyatkovo

up to 13. X

district

until 11. VII

 

 

Yegoryevsk

up to 4. V

Melenki

april

 

 


L. 144; f. 7693, op. 2, d. 25, ll. 51, 52; f. 7700, op. 1, d. 1, l 26; f. 7745, op. 1, d. 2, sh. 1, 5, 10; f. 7787, op. 1, d. 9, l. 16; f. 7797, op. 1, d. 1, l 44; f. 7814, op. 1, d. 7, ll. 10, 11; f. 7881, op. 1, d. 2, l. 7; f. 7900, op. 1, f. 6 (placer, Rin. 165 N); d. 8, l 135; PAVO, f. 18, op. 1, d. 1, sh. 1, 2; f. 103, op. 1, d. 12, l. 1; PAI, f. 25, op. 1, d. 5, l 412; f. 281, op. 1, d. 983, l. 15; PAVO, f. 180, op. 1, d. 4, sh. 1 - 4; 41, sh. 6, 7; f. 394, op. 3, d. 1, sh. 6, 7, 18; d. 12, ll. 3, 4, 6; d. 33, l. 19; GAMO, f. 684, op. 2, d. 35, l 186; SAVO, p. 25, op. 1, d. 6, p. 461; op. 5, d. 1, l. 9; f. 26, AP. 1, d. 6, ll. 140, 162; f. 29, op. 1, d. 1, ll. 2, 13, 20, 23, 24; f. 1181, op. 1, d. 53, l. 35; f. 1183, op. 1, d. 29, l. 1; f. 1186, op. 2, d. 207, sh. 1 - 3; GAKO, f. 163, op. 1, d. 251, sh. 27, 28; f. 168, op. 1, d. 4, l 42; Acosta, f. 1317, op. 1, d. 13, ll. 186, 210; "Social Democrat", 10, 14. III, 27.V.1917; "Vyazemskaya free thought", 23.VIII.1917; "the Voice", 17.III, 28.IV.1917; "the voice of the soldier", 16.VI.In 1917, the "Voice of labor" (Borisoglebsk), 15.VII, 5.VIII. 1917; "the Bulletin of the Tver provincial Executive Committee of temporary", 7.III.1917; "Izvestiya Vyazmikovsky executive Committee", 16, 18. III. 1917;".Izvestiya Kineshemskogo komiteta bezopasnosti", 30. IV. 1917; "Izvestiya Kostromskogo gubernskogo edinogo komiteta obshchestvennoy bezopasnosti", 16. III. 1917; "Izvestiya Moskovskogo Soveta rabochikh deputatsii", 5. VII. 1917; "Trud I borba", 7. VI. 1917; " Nizhegorodsky lis-

page 68


Place

Time

Place

Time

Place

Time

Serpukhov

until 22. V

Tezino

until 23. III

Uglich

up to 25. V

Skopin

March

Teykovo

up to 4. IV

Usman

31.III

Smolensk

8.III

Temnikov

21.IV

Cherusti

april

Sunny Mountain

March

Torzhok

up to 12. V

Shuya

2.III

Stary Oskol

until 11. IV

Trubchevsk

May

Shchelkovo

until 11. VII

Sudgoda

25.V

Tula

5.III

Yurievets

March

Sychevka

4.VI

Tushino-Guchkovsky

until 27. V

Yuriev-Polsky

23.III

Tambov

6.III

 

 

Yaroslavl

8.IV

work settlement

4.III

 

 

 

 

Soviets of Workers', Soldiers 'and Peasants' Deputies

Alexandrov

up to 6. VIII

Prongs**

until 21. IV

Rasskazovo

april

Bezhetsk

until 11. VII

Kashin

up to 3. VIII

Rzhev

26.V

Bobrov

28.V

Kineshma

27.V

Roslavl

until 12. VIII

Bryansk

28.V

Kirsanov

up to 15.VI

Ryazan

up to 1. V

Varnavino

up to 5. VII

Klin

august

Smolensk

up to 1. V

Vladimir

25.V

Klintsy

until 9. VII

Soligalich

up to 4. XI

Voronezh

april

Kolomna

up to 1.VI

Spassk

until 25. VIII

Galich

up to 3. XI

Lgov

4.V

Oxbow**

8.X

Gzhatsk

up to 3. XI

Mozhaisk

until 11. VIII

Temnikov

25.V

Dmitrov

6.VII

Morshansk

until 29. VIII

Torzhok

up to 3. IX

Dorogobuzh

until 12. VII

Mtsensk

until 29. VIII

Uglich

21.V

Dyatkovo

up to 13. X

Ostashkov

until 29. IV

Usman

4.IV

Yelnya

25.IV

Ostrogozhsk

until 20. VIII

Shuya

21. X

Zhizdra

20.IV

Ranenburg

up to 16.VI

Yuriev-Polsky

26.IV

Councils of officers ' deputies

Vladimir

up to 3. V

Mozhaisk

March

Smolensk

up to 1. V

Kovrov

up to 8. III

Moscow

8.III

Tambov

March

Kolomna

March

N. Novgorod

until 23. III

Torzhok

17.III

Kursk

March

Roslavl

March

 

 

----- **Soviets of soldiers 'and Peasants' Deputies.


current", 5. III. 1917; "Association", 16. V. 1917; "Russian Vedomosti", 8. III. 1917; "Soldier-citizen", 15, 22. III. 1917; "Minutes of the plenary meetings of the Moscow Regional Bureau of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers 'Deputies", p. 44, 51, 53, 56; " The Great October Socialist Revolution. Chronicle of events". Vol. 1, p. 30, 41, 43, 44, 90, 93, 107, 109, 123, 134, 147, 209, 274, 308, 427, 594, 655; Vol. II, page 29, 37, 130, 138, 181, 230, 231, 245, 408, 555-558; Vol. 109, 162, 252, 353, 354, 449; Vol. IV, p. 361, 531; "The Revolutionary Movement in Russia after the overthrow of the autocracy", Moscow, 1957, p. 251; "The Revolutionary Movement in Russia in April 1917: The April Crisis" p. 248; " Correspondence of the secretariat of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) with local party organizations (March-April 1917)", p. 118; " 1917 in the Ivanovo-Voznesensky district (chronicle)", p. 128; " The struggle for Soviet Power in the Voronezh Province. 1917-1918". Collection of documents and materials. Voronezh. 1957, p. 70, 162; "The struggle for the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power in the Ryazan province", p. 11, 72; "The struggle of the workers of the Orel Province for the establishment of Soviet power in 1917-1918". Collection of documents. Eagle. 1957, pp. 299, 315; "The establishment of Soviet power in the Kaluga Province", p. 46; " The establishment of Soviet power in Kostroma

page 69


Place

Time

Place

Time

Place

Time

Councils of soldiers 'and officers' deputies

Yelets

10.III

Kostroma

up to 16. III

Rostov

3.III

Yelnya

March

Morshansk

20.III

Ryazhsk

up to 12. IV

Zhizdra

20.III

Murom

until 21. III

Ryazan

March

Zaraysk

april

N. Novgorod

10. IV

Torzhok

up to 16. IV

Kaluga

12.III

Eagle

until 15. III

Shuya

until 20. IV

Kozlov

up to 12. IV

Podolsk

8.III

 

 


and Kostroma province". Collection of documents. Kostroma. 1957, p. 65; "Preparation and conduct of the Great October Socialist Revolution in the Tver province", p. 81; " 1917. Chronicle of heroic days. Chronicle of the most important historical, party and revolutionary events in Moscow and the Moscow Province", Moscow, 1973, pp. 47, 105; "Establishment and consolidation of Soviet power in the Smolensk Province in 1917-1918", p. 42, 169, 175, 347, 355; "Essays on the history of the Moscow Organization of the CPSU", p. 209; "Essays on the history of the Ivanovo Organization of the CPSU", Part I, p. 406; "Essays on the history of the Kaluga Organization of the CPSU". Tula. 1967, pp. 55-57; "Essays on the history of the Kostroma organization of the CPSU". Yaroslavl. 1967, p. 94; "Essays on the history of the Orel Party Organization". Tula. 1967, p. 71; "Essays on the history of the Smolensk organization of the CPSU", Moscow 1970, p. 45, 47; "Essays on the history of the Tula organization of the CPSU", p. 157; "Essays on the history of the Yaroslavl organization of the CPSU", p. 143; "Kaluga region for 40 years", p. 11, 12; "History of the city of Gorky". A brief sketch. Bitter. 1971, p. 262; "Thunder Years", p. 199; "Fire Years". Voronezh. 1967, pp. 12, 18; " They were the first." Voronezh. 1969, p. 61; " Belgorod. An essay on the past, present and future of the city". Belgorod, 1963, p. 40; A.M. Andreev. Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies on the eve of October, p. 55; I. G. Bogdanov. The struggle for the establishment of Soviet power in Tula and the Tula province. "The establishment of Soviet power in the localities in 1917-1918", Issue 2, Moscow, 1959, pp. 115, 122; N. I. Vishnyakov. Rzhev, Moscow, 1969, p. 116; V. Volokhov. Bryansk. Tula. 1961, pp. 91-92; V. Verkhovykh. Five years of struggle. Borisoglebsk. 1922, p. 10; G. P. Efremtsev. Victory of the Soviets in Kolomna, Moscow, 1956, pp. 24, 66; N. Zhuravlev, I. Pankov. Edict op., p. 88; A. A. Ivanov. October days in Sudogda. "On the road to October". Vladimir, 1957, pp. 71, 72, 118; K. I. Ivanov. Pereslavl-Zalessky. Yaroslavl. 1940, p. 112; I. A. Kovalev. Decree. op., p. 54; A.V. Konokotin. 1917 in the city of Kostroma and the Kostroma province (chronicle of revolutionary events). "Scientific notes" of the Ivanovo Pedagogical Institute. Social Sciences, vol. 15. Ivaiovo, 1957, pp. 15, 33, 34; A. I. Kotelenets. Edict op., p. 13; B. M. Lavygin. 1917 in the Voronezh province. Voronezh. 1928, p. 24, 37; D. P. Makovsky, V. S. Orlov, A.V. Chernobaev, B. I. Beltyukov. Vyazma. Smolensk, 1953, p. 85; I. I. Mints. The Formation of Soviets (February-March 1917), pp. 7-17; his. History of the Great October, Vol. 1, pp. 777, 800; O. N. Moiseeva. Edict op., p. 87, 95, 102, 107, 120, 125, 176; I. Nikulin, I. Stepanishchev, A. Bakharev, V. Kostrikin. Michurinsk. Voronezh. 1969, p. 45; V. S. Orlov. Yelnya. Smolensk. 1955, p. 71; L. D. Peredelsky. Karachev. Tula. 1969, p. 50; N. Perelygin. For the power of the Soviets. Lipetsk, 1960, p. 12, 14; V. Prosetsky. Rylsk. Kursk. 1957, p. 44; N. I. Rezvy. A loyal son of the party. "Soldiers of the Revolution". Yaroslavl. 1963, p. 29, 30; A. E. Smirnov. Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies of Tambov province in March-June 1917. "Under the banner of October". Issue 1. Voronezh. 1966, p. 11, 12; A. G. Solovyova. Edict op., p. 92; V. Fadeev, P. Shulpin, A. Parusov. Essays on the history of the Gorky Organization of the CPSU. Part 1. Gorky, 1961, p. 347; V. N. Shvedov. There were Sunny Mountains, Moscow, 1973, p. 119.

page 70


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