SOMETIMES we hear that Russian religious studies emerged only recently, and no serious religious studies were conducted during the Soviet period. However, archival research, study of university curricula, as well as a careful study of Soviet scientific periodicals of the 20s and mid-30s of the XX century completely refute this statement. One of the evidences of serious work on the study of religions in the USSR is the "Systematic Index of creeds (religions) and anti-religious groups", discovered by the author of the article in the collections of the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The creation of this unique "map of religions of the USSR", a collection of data on various religious groups, many of which have now practically disappeared and are known only to specialists 1, was carried out in preparation for the All-Union census of 1937 by the staff of the Museum of the History of Religion of the USSR Academy of Sciences 2, who were able to summarize the results of research conducted in the USSR in a short time since the early 20s. The main works were carried out by employees of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and Go-

1. As an example, we can cite the group of believers "Natalochka" mentioned in the document published in the appendix to the article, information about which the author of the article could not find.

2. The Museum of the History of Religion of the USSR Academy of Sciences was opened in Leningrad in 1932 and remained part of the USSR Academy of Sciences until 1962, when it was transferred to the Ministry of Culture of the USSR. See more Chumakova T. V. Museum of the History of Religion: academic period//Akademiya nauk v istorii kul'tury Rossii v XVIII - XX vvakh [Academy of Sciences in the history of culture of Russia in the XVIII-XX centuries].

page 106
State Academy of Material Culture (GAIMK). Religious studies were conducted within the framework of programs aimed at a comprehensive study of the life of the peoples of the USSR, so at various times they were carried out by employees of the Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the USSR and Neighboring Countries (KIPS), the Commission for Expeditionary Research (KEI), the Institute for the Study of the Peoples of the USSR (IPIN), the Institute of Peoples of the North, the Institute of Language and Thinking, the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, and many other organizations. By the mid-1930s, many materials had been collected, atlases, maps, reference books, and bibliographic works were being published, an ethnographic multi-volume encyclopedia was planned to be published in the third five-year plan, and religious, everyday, and ethnographic maps of the USSR were being compiled.3
One of the key events of the thirties of the XX century was the All-Union population census conducted in January 1937, the results of which may have been one of the reasons for the great terror of 1937_1938. Previous Soviet censuses were held in 1920, 1923, and 1926, and a trial census was held in 1932. The last census of 1926 was separated from the 1937 census not just by eleven years, but by a whole series of "cases", of which, first of all, we recall the "academic case" of 1929-1931. 4 The "Slavist case" of 1933-1934. 5 and the case of the "anti-Soviet united Trotskyist-Zinoviev center", which took place during the preparation of the census 1937. As a result, by the mid-1930s, a significant part of Russian folklorists6, ethnographers and local historians who were engaged in research on religious practices were repressed, and many of them died.

It would seem that common sense should have forced scientists (sociologists, ethnographers, historians of religion) to try to create a product that could satisfy the "customer".-

Khudyakov M. G. 3. From the experience of Leningrad ethnographers. Institute for the Study of Peoples of the USSR (IPIN)//Ethnography. 1930. N 4. pp. 85-86; Shakhnovich M. I. The second five-year plan of ethnographic work of the MAE and IPIN of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Ethnographic Department of the State Russian Museum//Soviet ethnography. 1932. N 5-6. Pp. 195-207.

4. See Peppercorn F. F. "The case of the Academy of Sciences "and the" great Turning point" in Soviet science//Tragic Destinies: Repressed scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Nauka, pp. 201-235.

5. See Ashnin F. D., Alpatov V. M. Delo slavistov. 30-ies. Moscow: Heritage Publ., 1994.

6. See for example: Ivanova T. G. Istoriya russkoi fol'kloristiki XX veka: 1900 - pervaya polova 1941 g. [History of Russian Folklore studies of the XX century: 1900-the first half of 1941]. SPb.: Dmitry Bulanin, 2009. pp. 488-515.

page 107
However, after studying the international experience, 7 they prepared questionnaires and instructions for census takers that allowed them to get the most objective results. However, the Soviet government was of a different opinion, which is not surprising, because the results of the census strongly differed from the data officially announced from the stands. And this concerned not only the population of the USSR (according to the census, 162 million people, and according to official data-no less than 170 million), but also the state of its religiosity. Already in the early 1930s, Soviet officials were convinced that religion, being a relic of feudalism and capitalism, had died out in the socialist state, and its only adherents were elderly people. The census showed the opposite. There were more believers among people aged 16 and older than non-believers: 56.7% of all those who expressed their attitude to religion 8 (two-thirds of them were peasants and one-third were city dwellers, among whom there were many workers and young people). Less than three months after the census was conducted, its main organizers - the head of the Census Bureau O. A. Kvitkin and his deputy L. S. Brandgendler (Brand), who personally prepared a set of instructions for the fifth census item "religion" - were arrested along with other leaders of the TsUNKhU (Central Department of National Economic Accounting)9 and repressed, as well as many 10 statisticians and ordinary census takers in the field. The church was also partly blamed for" distorting the results " of the census. In the autumn, the Council of People's Commissars issued a resolution of September 25, 1937, which stated that the All-Union census of 1937 was conducted "with the grossest violation of the elementary foundations of statistical science, as well as in violation of instructions approved by the government"11, and therefore in 1939 it was carried out in the form of a national census.-

7. Based on the results of these studies, TsUNKhU prepared a monograph Gozulov A. I. Population censuses of the USSR and capitalist countries (experience of historical and methodological characteristics of population census production)/Ed. Academician S. G. Stumilina, Moscow: TsUNKhU Publ., 1936.

Zhiromskaya V. B. Religiosity of the people in 1937 (Based on the materials of the All-Union Population Census)//Historical Bulletin. N5. 2000. p. 48.

Maksimova V. N. 9. From memoirs (20-30s)//Questions about statistics. 1996. N 10. pp. 78-87.

Davis S. 10. Opinion of the people in Stalinist Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934-1941-Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2011, pp. 79-81.

Volkov A. G. 11. Population census of 1937: fictions and truth//Population Census of the USSR in 1937. History and materials. Express information. Release

page 108
A new census was conducted, but there was no question of religious affiliation. All the results of the census were declared invalid, its materials were classified, and only in the late 90s of the XX century were scientists able to start studying them 12.

When preparing for the census, one of the most difficult questions was about the respondent's religious affiliation. In previous Soviet censuses, this question was not asked. Researchers believe that the decision to include it in the questionnaires was made personally by I. V. Stalin13. The country's leadership hoped that thanks to the census, they would be able to obtain data reflecting reality, which at the same time would show what huge victories the USSR had achieved in promoting atheism. It is possible that the introduction of the item on religious affiliation was provoked by the presence of such a question in the census conducted in Germany in 1933, this is confirmed by the constant references to the German census, which are found in TSUNGKHU's letters. Soviet statisticians noted that religion is an "extremely important" but "historically dying" feature that "most countries in the twentieth century excluded from the population census program." In a monograph published by TSUNGKHU specifically for the 1937 census, it was noted that " Statistical thought comes to the conclusion that, using the arsenal of methods of classical statistical theory, it is hardly worth trying to penetrate the recesses of the human conscience. The ambiguities and contradictions in the definition of a sign of religious affiliation that accompanied the discussion of this issue in international statistical organizations contributed not a little to this ... population censuses record only formal religious affiliation, and do not raise the question of the very fact of being religious, because this concerns such aspects of consciousness where the principle of "freedom" of conscience is violated. " 14 The census organizers emphasized that the answer to the question of religious affiliation may be inaccurate, since a person cannot always clearly explain the nature of their religiosity or his answer may be deliberately distorted out of fear of possible consequences.

3-5 (part II). Moscow: Informtsentr Publ., 1990, p. 6.

Zhiromskaya V. B., Kiselev I. N., Polyakov 10. A. 12.Polveka pod gryphom "sekretno"[Half a century under the stamp "secret"]. All-Union Population Census of 1937, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1996.

Volkov A. G. 13. Population census of 1937. p. 8.

Gozulov A. I. 14. Censuses of the population of the USSR and capitalist countries. p. 130.

page 109
the consequences. By this time, most of the churches of various Christian denominations in the USSR were closed, mosques, synagogues, datsans were closed, and adherents of all religious movements were persecuted. And in these circumstances, some believers were inclined to hide their religious affiliation, others-on the contrary, believed that the more people declare their religiosity, the more churches they will open, and still others were simply afraid of this question, and refused to answer. Researchers note that " rumors have spread across the country that believers 'will be taxed', that those who sign up as believers 'should be taken away', that all non-believers 'will be burned out by the fascists, and the war will be soon', that 'believers will be evicted from the district, and children will be thrown out of school '" 15.

To the credit of the statisticians who prepared the census, it should be noted that they took an extremely responsible approach to raising this question. Instructions were prepared for the census takers, which set out in detail exactly how to ask a question about religious affiliation, so that the respondent would understand that it is not a question of which religious group he formally belongs to, but of what his own religious beliefs are: "The answer to this question should be filled out only for the following purposes: persons 16 years and older. This question is not about the religion to which the interviewee or his parents officially belonged in the past. If the interviewee considered himself an unbeliever, write down "unbeliever", and for believers who adhere to a particular faith, write down the name of the religion (for example, Orthodox, Lutheran, Baptist, Molokanin, Mohammedan, Jew, Buddhist, etc.) " 16. The census taker and the respondent had to determine exactly which religion they belonged to from the approved list. Therefore, the list had to be small, but at the same time accurately reflect the real picture of religiosity. With a question about compiling a list of religions, TsUNKhU turned to the Museum of the History of Religion of the USSR Academy of Sciences, whose director at that time was V. G. Bogoraz (Tan)17, as well as to the Institute of Philosophy of the Communist Academy of Sciences-

Polyakov 10. A., Zhiromskaya V. B., Kiselev I. N. 15. Polveka molchaniya (Vsesoyuznaya perepis naseleniya 1937 g.) Polveka molchaniya [Half a century of silence (All-Union Population Census of 1937)].//Sociological research. 1990. N 6. P. 7.

Gozulov A. I. 16. Censuses of the population of the USSR and capitalist countries. p. 132.

18. Vladimir Germanovich Bogoraz (1865-1936) - ethnographer, writer. In 1918, he became curator of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was one of the initiators

page 110
demii (in early 1936 it became part of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR), under which since 1928 there was a Commission on the History of Religion, 18 as well as an Anti-religious Sector, an active member of which was a well-known researcher of Russian religious freedom and political figure V. D. Bonch-Bruevich.19 From the official letter of the TSUNGKHU administration sent to the WORLD of the USSR Academy of Sciences in March 1936, it follows that in an extremely short time, researchers had to compile manuals for developing census materials on religions found within the USSR. The content of these manuals was conceived by the Bureau as follows:

"1) A list of all positions of faiths on which the material will be developed. In 1897, there were known to be 16-20 such positions. According to the terms of the machine-based census development technique, it would be most convenient to have no more than 12 items, with one item intended for people who do not belong to any religion, another, combined - for poorly distributed faiths that are not assigned to certain groups ("other"), and the third-for people who did not give a clear answer to the question the question of religion. Thus, only 9 positions remain for the main religions and their adjacent creeds.

2) A manual that reveals the content of each item (a systematic list of faiths), with a list of all its parts, synonyms, and other names, including those that are outdated, but may be found in the answers to a question about religion. It is also advisable to indicate among which ethnic groups and in which parts of the USSR this religion is mainly found, and with which other faiths this group may be mixed by name or kinship.

creation of the Institute of Peoples of the North and the Museum of the History of Religion of the USSR Academy of Sciences, of which he became director.

18. The materials of the Commission are kept in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences in fund 355.

19. Vladimir Dmitrievich Bonch-Bruevich (1873-1955) - state and public figure, historian, in 1917-1920.managing the affairs of the Council of People's Commissars, later engaged in scientific work, was the creator of the State Literary Museum. Since 1946, he headed the Museum of the History of Religion.

20. Positions of the 1897 census by faith: Orthodox and co-Religionists; Old Believers and those who deviate from Orthodoxy; Armenian-Gregorians; Armenian-Catholics; Roman Catholics; Lutherans; Baptists; Mennonites; Anglicans; persons of other Christian confessions; Karaites; Jews; Mohammedans; Buddhists and Lamaites; persons of other non-Christian confessions.

page 111
3) A dictionary that lists in alphabetical order all the names found in Manual No. 2, indicating the positions to which they relate.

4) These allowances, as already indicated in our reference to March 15 of this year, must be ready by June 1 of this year; in any case, the main allowance, the list of positions of religions (No. 1), must be available no later than this date. Since you have already started drawing up the allowance (Statement No. 69-08 of March 26), it does not seem that the preparation of allowances by the deadline will present any difficulties. " 21
Judging by the content of the correspondence between V. G. Bogoraz and V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, they agreed to cooperate. The main problem for both was the size of the "religion list". Bonch-Bruevich wrote to Bogoraz that it was necessary "to make it not so concise as it was in the statistical tables under the autocracy, but on the contrary, to make exhaustive lists, since one must firmly know that not a single sectarian, not a single Old Believer, will in any case write himself down in another, even close to suitable." consent, and the sectarian - to a sect, and if he only wants to say so, he will definitely demand the exact name of his religion " 22. Similar tables by Bonch-Bruevich were already compiled in 1932 "for the needs of the komvnudel" 23.

Bogoraz proposed to the Census Bureau the candidacies of A. I. Klibanov 24, A. A. Nevsky 25, V. I. Nedelsky 26 and G. O. Monzeller 27. But we can't say with certainty that N. M. Matorin's students, Klibanov and Nevsky, actually took part in the training of teachers.

21. PFA RAS. f. 221. Op. 2. D. 61. L. 7.

22. Ibid.

23. "Komvnudel" is the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD).

24. Alexander Ilyich Klibanov (1910-1994) - religious historian, specialist in the history of religious freedom in Russia.

25. Alexander Arsenyevich Nevsky (1898-1980) - religious historian, specialist in Orthodoxy and popular religiosity.

26. Vladimir Ippolitovich Nedelsky (1903-1958) - religious historian, specialist in early Christianity

27. George Oskarovich Monzeller (1900-1959) - orientalist, translator of the Japanese and Chinese languages. In 1936, he was head of the Department of Non-Christian Religions at the MIR Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

28. Matorin (Motorin) Nikolai Mikhailovich (1898-1936) - researcher of religion, folklorist, ethnographer. After the revolution of 1917, he took an active part in the political life of the country and from 1922 was secretary to G. E. Zinoviev, which later served as the basis for his arrest as a member of the "Trotskyist-Zinoviev bloc". He was director of the Institute of Anthropology

page 112
participation in the preparation of the census, since in the summer of 1936 they were arrested in the case of the "N. M. Materin counter-revolutionary group", and their names are not mentioned in the final documents of the MI Ra. However, in the documents on the preparation of the census, very few names of the developers of the "list of religions" were preserved at all, and it can be assumed that the names of only those who managed to avoid reprisals were left in the documents. A letter from the leadership of the WORLD to Academician I. N. Krachkovsky has been preserved with a request to compile "a list of various trends and local names united by the general term "Muslims" " 29. In May 1936, V. G. Bogoraz died, and the new deputy director of the World, V. O. Vasilenko, who, after Matorin's arrest, began to direct the preparation of the census at the Museum of the History of Religion. he headed the third Peace department (A. M. Pokrovsky, who was Bogoraz's deputy, was also repressed in the Matorin case), and scientific secretary 10. P. Frantsov 30. Judging by the information that was extracted from archival documents, Vasilenko from the moment of his appearance in the museum was engaged exclusively in ideological work, his scientific interests were quite limited and were completely reduced to the topic of his dissertation "Religion as an ideology", so Frantsov provided scientific guidance for the preparation for the census.

The new leadership of the world also demanded clarification on the item "Religion" in the census form, because, as N. P. Frantsov wrote in TsUNKhU 10, this item "in a formal survey can give completely different ideas about the former belonging of the respondent to a particular religion. It would be desirable to clarify this question somewhat in the instructions, for example, to give the question "attitude to religion". If the answer is yes, the following question is asked about belonging to a particular religion. " 31
He was actively engaged in teaching, worked at the Museum of the History of Religion of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and led a group on the study of "everyday Orthodoxy". He was arrested in 1935 and shot in 1936.Almost all of his students and collaborators were also involved in the" Matorin case", as a result of which Russian ethnographic and religious studies suffered huge losses, especially in the field of studying folk religiosity.

29. PFA RAS. f. 221. Op. 2. D. 61. L. 8.

30. Frantsov (Frantsev) (Georgy) Yuri Pavlovich (1903-1969) - philosopher, sociologist, religious historian, public figure, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1939 to 1945-Director of the Museum of the History of Religion of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Head of the Department of Religious Studies. Department of the History of Religion and Atheism of the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

31. PFA RAS. f. 221. Op. 2. D. 61. L. 10.

page 113
The work done in a short time by the MI Ra staff would not have been possible without many years of research, which was conducted to study the religious beliefs of the peoples who inhabited the USSR, and to compile a "map of the religions of the USSR". All these efforts of ethnographers and historians of religion are reflected in the "List of Religious Groups by positions for the 1937 Census". There were several items in it: "Name of a religious group and its subdivisions", "Self-name and name", "Among what peoples it occurs", "Area of distribution". There were nine major religious groups. The first place in the list was occupied by Orthodox Christians, the second place was given to Armenian-Gregorians, followed by Catholics, Protestants of various currents, among which three stood out: Lutherans, Calvinists and Anglicans. The fifth position was occupied by Jews, who were also divided into three groups: Ashkenazi, Karaites and "other movements adjacent to Judaism" (Judaizing and Subbotniks). Then came the Muslims. The seventh position was assigned to "Buddhists and Lamaists", divided into two groups: yellow-capped Lamaists and Phoists. Next up were the shamanists and groups that had split off from the among them: Burkhanists and followers of the Herimap cult. Completing the list of "other religions" included Brahmanists, Confucians, fire-worshippers, as well as followers of traditional cults (Mari kugu-sorta (big candle), lip-worshippers-Udmurts and followers of the "Kuzka-Mordovian god")32. However, this list was not final, and the "Systematic Index of Creeds (Religions) and Anti-religious Groups" that emerged as a result of long disputes and correspondence with TSONGHU was significantly different from the previous version. There were 12 positions (groups) in it, the Old Believers of the "Popovsky concord" were classified as Orthodox, and the "bespopovtsy" were classified as "Christians of other directions". Group 1 included non-believers ("synonyms: atheists, unbelief, atheism; antireligious, antireligious, Antichrist, atheist, militant atheist, freethinker"), indifferent to questions of faith and doubters. The most diverse group was 6 "Christians of other directions: sectarianism, sects that arose on the basis of Orthodoxy and Protestantism", it consisted of many movements of the Old Believers "bespopovtsy", only 18 "small groups" were indicated there, and all of them were indicated

32. Ibid., pp. 90-95.

page 114
not only self-names, but also places of residence. The penultimate (eleventh) group included "other and not precisely designated religions". It included not only "fire-worshippers, "" Brahmanists," and "pagans,"but also adherents of religious and philosophical systems: deists, pantheists, spiritualists, mystics, theosophists, spiritualists, occultists, and followers of "Christian science." 33
The "List of Religions" reflects the religious diversity that existed on the territory of the USSR in the 20s and early 30s. I would like to hope that the materials used to create this list have not been lost, and in the future it will be possible to find not only them, but also those religious and religious-everyday maps that are so often mentioned not only in archival materials, but also in publications of the late 20s and early 30s. years of the XX century. All this would make it possible, with a high degree of probability, to reconstruct the picture of religious life in the USSR in the first third of the twentieth century.

Bibliography

Archive materials

St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PFA RAS).

F. 221 (Foundation of the Museum of the History of Religion).

Literature

Ashnin F. D., Alpatov V. M. Delo slavistov [The case of Slavists]. 30-ies. Moscow: Heritage Publ., 1994.

Volkov A. G. Population census of 1937: fictions and truth//Population Census of the USSR in 1937. History and materials. Express information. Issue 3-5 (part II). Moscow: Informtsentr Publ., 1990, pp. 6-63.

Gozulov A. I. Population censuses of the USSR and capitalist countries (experience of historical and methodological characteristics of population census production)/Ed. Academician S. G. Stumilina, Moscow: TsUNKhU Publ., 1936.

Davis S. Opinion of the people in Stalinist Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934-1941-Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2011.

Zhiromskaya V. B. Religiosity of the people in 1937 (Based on the materials of the All-Union Population Census) //Istoricheskiy vestnik, 2000. N5. pp. 46-54.

Zhiromskaya V. V., Kiselev I. N., Polyakov 10. A. Polveka pod gryphom "sekretno"[Half a century under the "secret" stamp]. All-Union Population Census of 1937, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1996.

Maksimova V. N. From memoirs (20-30s)//Questions about statistics. 1996. N 10. pp. 78-87.

33. Ibid., l. 112.

page 115
Perchenok F. F. "The case of the Academy of Sciences" and "The great turning point" in Soviet science//Tragic Destinies: Repressed scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1995, pp. 201-235.

Polyakov Yu. A., Zhiromskaya V. B., Kiselev I. N. Polveka molchaniya (Vsesoyuznaya perepis naseleniya 1937 g.) [Half a century of silence (All-Union Population Census of 1937)]. 1990. N 6. pp. 3-25.

Khudyakov M. G. From the experience of Leningrad ethnographers. Institute for the Study of Peoples of the USSR (IPIN)//Ethnography. 1930. N 4. pp. 85-86.

Chumakova T. V. Museum of the History of Religion: academic period//Akademiya nauk v istorii kul'tury Rossii v XVIII-XX vvakh [Academy of Sciences in the history of culture of Russia in the XVIII-XX centuries].

Shakhnovich M. I. The second five-year plan of ethnographic work of the MAE and IPIN of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Ethnographic Department of the State Russian Museum//Soviet ethnography. 1932. N 5-6. Pp. 195-207.

page 116
Appendix 1

Below is the "Systematic index of creeds (religions) and anti-religious groups", preserved in the collection of the Museum of the History of Religion of the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PFA RAS. f.221). The document is a typewritten text without a date. Unlike the other "List of Religions" kept in the same file 61, which contains documents related to the preparation for the 1937 census, it has virtually no handwritten corrections, and it is more complete, which makes it possible to consider this version as a later one. The document is published without corrections.

Systematic index of Creeds (Religions) and Anti-religious groups 34

Group 1 (cipher x)

A. Non-believers: synonyms: atheists, unbelief, atheism; antireligious, antireligious, Antichrist, atheist, militant atheist, freethinker.

B. Indifferent to questions of faith, religion, indifferent; non-religious, without (outside) faith, religion, religion.

B. Doubters

G. Philosophical worldviews: agnostics, agnosticism; humanists, humanism; materialists, materialism; moralists, moralism; naturalists, naturalism; scientific worldview; positivists, positivism.

They are distributed among all nationalities and throughout the entire territory of the USSR

Group 2 (cipher 0)

Orthodox, Orthodox Christians; name of religion: Orthodoxy, Orthodox Church

A. Russian Orthodoxy, Russian Greek Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church

a. Old churchmen; groups: Sergievites, Tikhonites, Iosifites, Grigorievites, Viktorites.

34. PFA RAS. f. 221. Op. 2. D. 61. L. 104-124.

page 117
b. Renovationists; groups: zhivotserkovniki (zhivaya, krasnaya tserkva), drevleapostolskaya tserkva, union of Church Revival.

Apart from Russians and Belarusians, the following people also belonged to Russian Orthodoxy: Bulgarians, Buryat-Mongols (partially), Veps, Vod, Gagauz, Greeks, Zyryans, Izhors, Itelmens, Karelians, Koreans (partially), Mansi, Mari, Mishari (partially), Mordvins, Nivkhs (partially), Oirots (partially) Ossetians (partly), Permians, Romanians, Sami, Serbs, Tatars (Kryashens), Udmurts, Khanty, Gypsies (partly), Czechs, Chuvashs, Evenks (partly), Estonians (semi-Believers) Russian Orthodoxy was widespread throughout the Union, mainly in the RSFSR and BSSR., The Ukrainian Church Belonged to it: Ukrainians, Moldovans and other nationalities who lived in the Ukrainian SSR.

B. Autocephaly of Georgia, Georgian Church: Georgians, Aisors (partly), Batsbii, Megrelians, Udins belonged to it. They lived in the Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia.

D. National Greek, Bulgarian, Romanian, and Serbian churches. These included natives of the respective countries (Co-religionists, co-religionists; self-designation-Orthodox Old Believers). These included Russians; they lived everywhere, mainly in Moscow, Leningrad, and the following republics, territories, and regions: Gorky, Zapadnaya, Ivanovo, Kirov, Odessa, Orenburg, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Tatar, Chernihiv.

E. Old Believers who belong to the Orthodox: synonyms: Old Believers, schismatics, Kerzhaks; name of religion: Old Believers, schism, according to the old faith. It was distributed almost exclusively among Russians. It was divided into the following groups::

a) Priests who recognize the clergy of the Austrian hierarchy; self-designation: Old Believers of the Belokrinitsa hierarchy, the Austrian hierarchy who accept the priesthood. Lived in: Moscow, Leningrad and other republics, territories and regions: Azov-Chernomorsk, Gorky, Far Eastern, Western, West Siberian, Krasnoyarsk, Kuibyshev, Moldavian, Oirot, Orenburg, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, North. Caucasian, Tatar, Chernihiv region.

page 118
b) Priests who accept clergy who have passed over from the dominant Orthodox Church: beglopopovtsy, peremazantstsy, deaconites, Luzhkovtsy, bugrovtsy.

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Azov-Chernomorskaya, Buryat-Mongolian, Gorky, Western, Kursk, Moscow, Sverdlovsk, Chernihiv.

c) Priests using the Orthodox clergy: spasovtsy, spasovo soglasie, starospasovtsy, glukhaya netovshchina, kozminshchyna Lived in the Gorky region and lower along the Volga up to Astrakhan; in the Ivanovo region.

g) Imyaslavtsy

These included Russians living in the Caucasus.

Group 3 (cipher 1)

Armenian-Gregorians, synonym-Catholicos These included: Armenians (partly) who lived in the SSR of Armenia, the auth. region of Nagorny Karabakh and in general in Transcaucasia, in the Azov-Black Sea and North Caucasus territories; bosha 35 - in the SSR of Armenia, two ancient Christian sects are close to the Gregorian Armenians:

a. The Nestorians

b. Jacobites, Jacobites, Jacobites

These two creeds were spread among a part of the Aisors who lived in the SSR of Armenia and Transcaucasia in general, as well as in major cities of the USSR.

Group 4 (cipher 2)

A. Catholics. Synonym: Roman Catholics, Papists. Name of religion: Catholicism, Catholicism.

Catholicism included: Armenians (partly: mekhitarists, mekhitarists); they lived in the SSR of Armenia, Transcaucasia in general, in the Azov-Black Sea and North Caucasus. The Caucasus region.

Belarusians (partially), lived in the BSSR

Georgians ( partly) - in the SSR of Georgia and Transcaucasia in general

Italians - in the cities of the USSR

Latgalians, lived in the Leningrad region and Siberia

Latvians (partly) - in the Leningrad region and Siberia

35. Armenian gypsies.

page 119
Lithuanians - in the BSSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Leningrad region and Siberia

Magyars - in the cities of the USSR

Germans (partly) - in the republics, territories and regions: West Siberian, Crimean, Leningrad, North Caucasus, Tatar, Ukrainian SSR

Poles - in Moscow, Leningrad, the Western region, the Ukrainian SSR and in the cities of the USSR

Ukrainians ( partially) - in the Ukrainian SSR French-in the cities of the USSR

Czechs (partly) - in the Ukrainian SSR, in the Caucasus and in Western Siberia.

Close to Catholics

a. Uniates found among the Ukrainian population of western Ukraine

b. The Czech State Church, to which a significant part of the Czech population of Czechoslovakia who have left Catholicism belongs

B. Waldensians found in northern Italy and Switzerland.

Group 5 (cipher 3)

Protestants of different trends. Name of this group of faiths: Protestantism, Protestantism

A. Lutherans, Evangelical Lutherans, Augsburg confessions

Armenians (partly) who lived in the SSR of Armenia Karelians (partly) - in the Karelian ASSR Latvians (partly) - in the Leningrad region.

Germans (partly) - in the republics, territories and regions: West Siberian, Crimean, Leningrad, Volga Germans, North Caucasus, Ukrainian SSR

Finns - in the Karelian ASSR and Leningrad region Estonians in the Leningrad region

B. Reformed, Evangelical-Reformed faith; part names: Calvinism, Zwinglians, Huguenots

The Reformed included

Karelians (partially) who lived in the Karelian ASSR

Norwegians - in the Murmansk region

Finns (partly) - in the Karelian ASSR and Leningrad region

French (French Swiss) - in the cities of the USSR

Swedes - in the cities of the USSR and in the south of Ukraine

page 120
B. Anglicans, Anglicans, English church Episcopal, high church

These included the British, who lived in the cities of the USSR

G. Dutch, Danish, Swiss National Churches

These included: Dutch, Danes and Germans (Swiss) who lived in the cities of the USSR

D. Individual trends in Protestantism

a. Pietists, among the Germans

b. Nonconformists-among the British

Q. The Puritans are among the Scots

Gerngutery - among the Germans

D. Conformists - among the British

Lived in cities of the USSR; may meet among foreigners

Gernguters were found among the Volga Germans

e. those who have fallen away from Catholicism are close to Protestantism

a. Old Catholics found among Germans in Germany and Switzerland

b. Mariavites, close to the Old Catholics; were widespread in Poland, and within the USSR-in the BSSR and the Ukrainian SSR

v. The Jansenists (Utrecht Church) who have entered into a union with the Old Catholics may meet among the natives of Western Europe

Group 6 (cipher 4)

Christians of other areas: sectarianism, sects that originated on the basis of Orthodoxy and Protestantism

A. Bespopovtsy

a. Bespopovtsy-neperekreschentsy

1. Spassovtsy managing abbots: spasovtsy, spasovo soglasie, novospasovtsy, singing netovshchina

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Gorky, Ivanovo, Kuibyshev, Tatar, Yaroslavl

2. Strict spassovtsy who reject baptism; synonym-unbaptized netovshchina

They lived in Gorky and Kuibyshev districts.

b. Bespopovtsy perekreschentsy

1. Pomeranians: marital, semi-marital (Danilovtsy), non-marital (troparians); vygovtsy, novopomortsy, monintsy (accepting unsanctified marriages)

Lived: in Moscow, Leningrad; in the republics, territories and regions: Azov-Black Sea, Far East, Karelian, Kui-

page 121
Byshevsky, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Severnaya, Stalingrad, Yaroslavl and Siberia regions

2. Fedoseevtsy celibate and semi-married (tilovtsy, arestovtsy); synonym staropomortsy, fedoseevshchina

They lived in Moscow with the region, in Leningrad with the region, in the republics, territories and regions: Azov-Black Sea, Belorussian, Gorky, Far Eastern, Kalinin, Karelian, Saratov, Tatar, Yaroslavl

3. Filippovny: synonyms: filippovtsy, aharonovtsy, onufrievtsy, lipovany (lipovane), samosolzhentsy, morelschiki

They lived in Moscow, Leningrad, in the republics, territories and regions: Kalinin, Karelian, Kuibyshev, Odessa, Saratov, Severnaya, Yaroslavl

4. Wanderers; synonyms: wanderers, runners, skrytniki, bezdenezhniki, antipovo soglasie, stateyniki, hierarchits, protivostateyniki, krasnosmerty (krasnosmertentsy), stranglers, golbezhniki, underground workers, luchinkovtsy

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Gorky, West Siberian, Ivanovo, Karelian, Kirov, Leningrad, Sverdlovsk, Tatar, Yaroslavl

V. Bespopovtsy of various small currents in Lyubushkino.;

Lived in the Kalinin region (Kimry)

2. Babushkin's consent; synonyms: self-baptists, self-crosses. They lived in the Middle Volga Region and the Far Eastern Region

3. Holemakers; synonyms: holemakers, uglies, bezikonniki

They lived in the Bashkir ASSR and the Far Eastern Region

4. Mullions

Lived in the territories and regions: Voronezh, Kuibyshev, Saratov, and Stalingrad regions

5. Ryabinovtsy; synonyms-bespopovtsy on the cross; Lived in the Tatar ASSR (Chistopol)

6. Lipnyaki (lipaki)

Lived in the Sverdlovsk region

7. Colic patients. They lived in the Western region (Klintsy)

8. Beloriztsy; (should be distinguished from beloriztsy-khlysty). Lived in the Ivanovo region.

9. Self-glorifiers of the episcopacy. They lived in the Kirov Region, Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

10. The Melchizedeks. Lived in Moscow

11. Dyropeks. Lived in the Saratov Region

12. Paskhalniki. Lived in Chernihiv region.

page 122
13. Useless people. Lived in Astrakhan

14. Dvigalovskaya vera, synonym-kommersantov paradise. Lived in the Saratov Region

15. Lefties (levyaks, lefties)

16. Dark Believers. Lived in the Far Eastern Region

17. Dunyushkino consent. Lived in the Far Eastern Region

18. Chapels Lived in the West Siberian Region

B. Baptists, Baptismus (members of the Baptist World Union)

Synonyms: Catabaptists, Anabaptists, baptised Christians, dry Baptists, Modern Baptists

These included: Germans, Russians, and Ukrainians

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Vinnytsia, Voronezh, Far East, Dnepropetrovsk, Georgian, Ivanovo, Crimean, Moscow (Moscow), Odessa, Omsk, Volga region, Central Asia, Tatar, Kharkiv

B. Evangelicals, Evangelicals, Evangelical Christians, and Christians of the evangelical profession. (Not to be confused with Evangelical Protestants; members of the Baptist World Council). Among them were: Russians, Ukrainians

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Vinnytsia, Voronezh, Dalno-Vostochny, Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kalinin, Kiev, Leningrad (Leningrad), Odessa, Siberia, Tatar, Ural, Kharkiv

G. Mennonites, Mennonites; name of parts: church Mennonites, fraternal Mennonites and Russelites (left-wing movement)

The Germans were among them.

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Voronezh, Dnepropetrovsk, West Siberian, Crimean, Kuibyshev, Odessa, Saratov, Central Asia, Kharkiv.

E. Adventists, Adventism (close to Baptists and Evangelicals; members of the World Adventist Union); name of parts: seventh-day Adventists, First-day Adventists, Reform Adventists

These included: Latvians, Germans, Russians, and Ukrainians. They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Vinnytsia, Voronezh, Far East, Kiev, Leningrad, Moscow, Chernihiv

E. Presbyterians (close to Molokans, Baptists, and Evangelicals); synonyms: Shtundo-Molokans, Evangelical Christians

page 123
These included: Russians who lived in the Dnipropetrovsk region (Berdyansk district).

Zh. Methodists (not to be confused with Whiplash Mormons; affiliated with the American Methodist Mission in Seoul, Korea)

Synonyms: Mormons, kamnigio (Koreans)

Koreans and Russians lived in the Far Eastern Region, Transcaucasia (Shamakhi), Leningrad, Saratov Region, and Siberia (Omsk, Romanteevsky, and Tarsky districts).

З. Shtundists (close to Baptists); synonym shtundists-children's baptists

Among them were: Russians, Ukrainians

They lived in the Ukrainian SSR, mainly in the Kiev region

I. Pashkovtsy, synonym of immortelles, Sundays

These included: Russians

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Voronezh, East Siberian, Far Eastern, Dnepropetrovsk, Kalinin, Kiev, Leningrad (Leningrad), Moscow, Kharkiv, Yaroslavl.

J. Dukhobors, synonym doukhobortsy, spiritual Christians, iconoclasts, true Christians, fasters, white, Christians of the world brotherhood

These included: Russians

They lived in the SSR of Armenia (near Lake Sevan), the SSR of Georgia (Akhalkalaki region), in the south of the European part of the Union

To. Molokane, synonym spiritual Christians molokane, true spiritual Christians; name of parts: spiritual molokane, Donskoy tolk, Tambov tolk, molokane-presniki, Molokane-reincarnators, general, Dunkino hope (Caucasus), church of common hope (near Lenkoran), Resurrection

These included: Russians

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Voronezh, Far East, Dnepropetrovsk, Saratov, Stalingrad, Siberia, the Caucasus and the south-east of the European part of the Union.

L. Nazarenes (close to Molokans, not to be confused with Nazarenes living in Serbia, Hungary, North. America)

Among them were: Russians who lived in Baku and in the Shamakhi region

M. Nemolyaki, nemolyakhi; synonym: spiritual Christians at the second coming, vozdyhants, okhontsy

page 124
These included: Russians

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Gorky, Moscow (Kaluzhsky district), Omsk region

N. Defaulters

These included Russians who lived in the Sverdlovsk Region and Siberia

O. Yehovists, yehovists; synonyms: des brotherhood, society (church) of the Des, Zion message, New Testament Jews, Subbotniks (not to be confused with Subbotniks-Karaites

These included: Russians

They lived in the Vinnytsia region, Voronezh region, Volga region, North. Caucasus, Siberia, and the Urals (Nizhne-Tagil, Verkhne-Turinsky, Nizhne-Baranchinsky, and Kuvshinsky plants)

P. Khlysty; synonyms: people of God, Christs, fasters, myrrh-bearers, scoundrels, gray doves, white doves, God's doves, cabbage rolls, golubchiki, besedniki, Mormons panashkovtsy, marianovtsy, elenushkina sect, durmanovschina, kalinovtsy, Seraphim (not to be confused with Orthodox Seraphim), stefanovtsy, beloriztsy, rod of Israel, green vineyard, flock of christ, birds of christ (nightingales, falcons, swans, pigeons, birds), molokans, shkaptsy, attitui, shearers, shaplychniki

Among them were: Russians, Ukrainians

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Azov-Black Sea, Vinnytsia, Voronezh, Dnepropetrovsk, Ivanovo, Kuibyshev, Kursk, Leningrad, Moscow (Cherkizovo), Odessa, Saratov. North Caucasus, Siberia, Ural, Kharkiv, Yaroslavl

New Israelites (a branch of khlystov); synonyms: Israelites, new Israel, lubkovtsy, God's chosen ones

These included: Russians.

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Azov-Black Sea, (along the Manchu River) Vinnytsia, Voronezh, Georgia, Far Eastern, Dnepropetrovsk, Western, Ivanovo, North Caucasus, Siberia

S. Besedniki, besedchiki (a type of whip); synonyms: chernets, chernichki, keleyniki, keleynitsy, mnikhi, montany, montanisty, dukhovidtsy, smekhorydayushchy, spiritually emasculated, vertuns, vertyachye, mantises, kerzhentsy (shchelovshchyna, Nikiforovshchyna, kobyzovshchyna, ivanovshchyna, Tarazanovshchyna).

These included: Russians

page 125
They lived in the republics, territories and regions: Kuibyshev, Leningrad, Orenburg, Stalingrad, Tatar, Caucasus and the southern European part of the Union

T. Leapers (a type of Molokan); synonyms: sopuns, vedentsy, siontsy, spiritual Christians, Chimar sect

These included: Russians

They lived in the republics, territories and regions: Azerbaijan, Azov-Black Sea (Salsky district), Armenia (Lake Sevan), Georgia, Kiev, Kuibyshev, Volga region, Siberia, Far East, Central Asia

At. Shakers (descended from Baptists); synonyms: Pentecostals, shakers-Pentecostals, Christians of the Evangelical faith

These included: Russians

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Western, Crimean, Odessa, Siberia

F. Steeds (separated from Lutherans from Finland); synonyms: hihulites, having fun, teleshi, nudibranchs, nudibranchs, cupids, crawlers

Among them were: Finns, Russians

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Western, Ivanovo, Kuibyshev, Leningrad, Moscow, Yaroslavl, in the Urals

H. Eunuchs; synonyms: whitewashed, white pigeons, and other names used by whips (which are similar in their faith)

These included: Russians, Finns

They lived in republics, territories, and regions: Voronezh, Dnepropetrovsk, Caucasus, Kuibyshev, Kursk, Leningrad, Moscow, Odessa, Saratov, Siberia, Ukrainian SSR

C. Teetotalers (go to Tolstoyans and tryasuns); synonyms: brattsy, churikovtsy, koloskovtsy.

These included: Russians

They lived in the following regions: Ivanovo, Leningrad (Leningrad), Moscow (Moscow)

Tsch. Tolstoytsy (close to the Doukhobors) Among them were: Russians, Ukrainians Lived in the territories and regions: Voronezh, Dnepropetrovsk, Transcaucasia, Kalinin, Kuzbass, Kursk, Stalingrad, Kharkiv

Sh. Malevans (close to Tolstoyans)

page 126
Among them were: Ukrainians who lived in the Kalinin region.

Kommersant. Ioannites (Orthodox by rites); synonyms: Kiselevtsy, Ionites

These included: Russians,

Lived in the territories and regions: Vinnytsia, Voronezh, Far East, Leningrad (Leningrad), Siberia, Yaroslavl region

Y. Illiodorovtsy (Orthodox by rites)

These included: Russians who lived in the Stalingrad region

B. Enochites (Orthodox in rites, close to Adventists); synonym-flyers

These included: Russians who lived in the Stalingrad region

E. Stepanovtsy

Among them were: Komi-Zyryans who lived in the Komi-Zyryanskaya auth. Region.

Yu. Bogomily

These included: Russians who lived in the Kharkiv region

Ya. Small sects of the Voronezh Region, singled out because of the extreme diversity of their groups; were distributed among Russians

A. fedorovtsy; synonyms: masolovtsy, Orthodox believers, samosvyaty, krasnodrakonovtsy, Samaritans

They lived in Rososhansky, Bogucharsky and Novokhopersk districts

b. The silent ones

They lived in the Morshansky district.

B. Lighting fixtures

G. New Union of Spiritual Israel

D. The Fourth International of the Holy Spirit

Lived in the Tambov district

E. Researchers of the Holy Scriptures (the Bible)

Lived in the Rossoshansky district 36

g. Old Israel; synonym krestoviki

з. анисимовцы

I. Sviridovtsy

Y. rasnovortsy

K. Novozavetniki

36. District of the Voronezh Region

page 127
L. Stefanovtsy

M. Natalochka

n. Innokentievtsy

O. Ermilovtsy

P. Striguny

R. Khomkovtsy

Chupkovtsy village

T. Mironovtsy

u. Gapeyevtsy

F. Kostomoly

H. zion

ts. Khatnyuki

ch. Attics

sh. Kuvshinniki

shch. Twitchers

Kommersant. The Twelve Sisters

2. The true path to salvation.

b. Activists

Group 7 (cipher 5)

Mohammedans (unit number Mohammedan); synonym Muslim; name of religion: Islam, Mohammedanism, Islam self-names: Muslim, Musulmon, Muselman, Musurman, Muslim (Tatars), Muhammad-dini (Uzbeks), islyam-dini (Azerbaijani Turks), mamed-ummeti, Ummet-mamed, anefi-messeb (Crimean Tatars), Turks (Khemshins Armenians), Tatars (Georgians), Muhammad-din Nomtai (Sart-Kalmaks), Chori-yori, Chori-yeri (Tajiks), Panj-yori (Yazgulyamtsy, yagnobtsy), Hui-jiao, Qing-jen-jiao, Xiao-jiao, mu-ming, mo-ming, liao-hui, huib hui-zi (dungans) Schools of thought (madhhab) and sects to Islam: Hanifites (Hanifite sense); Baha'is and Ismailis (sects of Islam), naqshbendiyahs, qadiriyahs ("monastic" orders of dervishes); ranks in Islam: Haji, dervishes, ishan, Sufis, tariqati (Caucasus)

Sharply different religious trends in Islam:

A. Sunnism( Orthodox), Sunni, Sunni

The following nationalities of the USSR belonged to the Sunnis:

Abkhazians (partially) who lived in the Abkhazian SSR

Adjarians - in the Adjarian SSR

Arabs-in the Uzbek and Turkmen SSR

Afghans in the Tajik SSR

page 128
Balkar - in the Kabardino-Balkar autonomous region.

Bashkirs - in the Bashkir ASSR

Balochi-in the Turkmen SSR

Berber - in the Turkmen SSR

Georgians, Meskhs, Ingiloi ( partially) - in the SSR of Georgia

Dagestani mountaineers (Avars, Dargins, Laks, etc.) - in the Dagestani ASSR

Jamshids - in the Turkmen SSR

dungan - in the Kyrgyz ASSR and Kazakh ASSR

Ingush - in the Chechen-Ingush autonomous region.

Kabardians - in the Kabardino-Balkar region.

Kazakhs-in the Kazakh ASSR

Kalmyks (partly: Sart-Kalmyks) - in the Kyrgyz ASSR

Karakalpaks - in the Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Karachay residents - in Karachayevsk, Auth. region.

Kirghiz - to Kirghiz. ASSR

kumyks - in the Dagestan ASSR

Kurds - in the Azerbaijan SSR, the Armenian SSR, the Georgian SSR, and the Turkmen SSR

Lazy - in the Adjara Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Lezgi - in the Dagestan ASSR and Azerbaijan SSR

mishari-in Gorky and Kuibyshev territories, Orenburg region, Bashkir ASSR

nogaya - in the Kalmyk ASSR, North. Caucasus Region, Dagestan ASSR

Ossetians (partly) in the North and South Ossetian autonomous regions

Tajiks - to Tajiksk. SSR, Uzbek SSR

Tatars - in the Tatar ASSR, Crimean ASSR, Stalingrad region and everywhere else

tats (partially) - in the Azerbaijan SSR and Dagestan ASSR

Turks - in the Adjarian ASSR, Crimean ASSR, and Armenian SSR

Turkmens - in the Turkmen SSR, north. In the Caucasus region

Azerbaijani Turks ( partially) - in the Azerbaijan ASSR. SSR of Armenia, SSR of Georgia.

Uyghurs: Taranchi - in the Kazakh ASSR and Turkmen SSR; Kashkars - in the Uzbek SSR Khazars - in the Turkmen SSR

Khemshins (Muslim Armenians) - on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus

Central Asian Gypsies-in the Uzbek SSR, Tajik ASSR

Circassians - in the Adyghe auth. region, Circassian north. region.

page 129
Chechens - in the Chechen-Ingush autonomous region.

Yagnobtsy (partly) and yazgulemtsy (partly) - in Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous region.

B. Shiism, Shiites, Shi e

The following ethnic groups belonged to them: Iranians who lived in the Uzbek ASSR Persians (partially) - in the cities of the Caucasus and Central Asia Talyshs-in the Azerbaijan SSR

tats (partially) - in the Azerbaijan SSR and Dagestan ASSR

Azerbaijani Turks ( partially) - in the Azerbaijan SSR, the Armenian SSR, and the Georgian SSR

Yagnobtsy (partly) and yazgulemtsy (partly) - in Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous region.

B. Bahaism, a synonym for Babism; Bahaists, babids; behai, babi

These included the Persians who lived in the cities of the Turkmen SSR

Ismaili city, ismoiliya, heft-iori

These included the Pamir tribes: Vakhans, Ishkashimtsy, Shungans, who lived in the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous region.

D. Yezidis; synonym: Yezidis, yezidis

These included Yezidi Kurds living in the Armenian SSR

Group 8 (cipher 6)

Jews, a synonym for Judaists; the name of the religion is Judaism (ethnic self-names of Judaism often serve as the name of the religion).

But.

a. Jews; synonyms: Jewish religion, Yiddish Emun, Yiddish gleibe, Ashkenazi; two currents: misnagdim and Hosid, Hasidim

These included Western and Crimean Jews

They lived all over the USSR, mainly in the BSSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Crimea, the Far East (Jewish auth. region) and in the big cities of the USSR

b. Dag-chufut, synonym-dzhugut

Among them were mountain Jews who lived in the Dagestan ASSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR in the city of Yahudi, also known as Ivri

These included Central Asian Jews who lived in the Uzbek and Tajik SSR

B. Karaites, synonyms: ananites, baale-mira, mene-mira

Among them were the Karaites and Crimean Jews who lived in the Crimea and the Ukrainian SSR

page 130
B. Currents that were associated with Judaism

but. Judaizing (separated from Molokans); synonyms: Gers, gertalmudists, shapochniki

Among them were the Russians

They lived in the republics, territories and regions: Azerbaijan (Shamakhi), Voronezh, East Siberian (Irkutsk), Far Eastern, Saratov, North Caucasus, Stalingrad (Astrakhan), Ukrainian SSR

b. subbotniks; synonyms: Karaites, Karaites, besshapochniki

These included: Russians who lived in the Voronezh Region, the Caucasus, Siberia, and Ukraine

Group 9 (cipher 7)

Buddhists and Lamaists (Lamaites); synonym of the yellow faith people; name of religion: Buddhism, Lamaism

But.

a. Yellow-capped Lamaists, yellow-capped people; synonyms: Buddhist Lamaists, burhan-shajin (tai), burhanai-shajin (tai), lamyin-shajin (tai), buddhin-sha-jin (tai), lamyin-morgul (tai), sharyin-shajin (tai), burhan-shigemuniin-shajin (tai), shigemuniin-shajin (tai), lamyin-shajini-shutuduk

These included:

Buryats-Mongols who lived in the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR and the East Siberian Region

oirots - who lived in the Oirot autonomous region.

Evenki-in the East Siberian region

Lam-shajita, shar (in)shajita, burki-baksh-nomta, burki-baksh-shajita, galng nonta, galngte

Among them were the Kalmyks who lived in the Kalmyks.auth. region.

B. Foists, synonyms: fojiao, fujiao, baifo, hoshan-jiao

Among them were: Chinese, Koreans, Orochi (partially), who lived in the Far Eastern region

Group 10 (cipher 8)

Shamanists: synonym-black faith people

These included the following ethnic groups: Buryat-Mongols (partially); Nivkhs, Chukchi, Dolgans, Oduls, Shors, Karagas, Oirots, Evenks, Ketts, Olchi, Evens, Koryaks, Oroks, Elkenbeyes,

page 131
Kumandins, Tuvans, Etels, Mansi, Unangans, Yuits, Nanai, Khakas, Yakuts, Nenets, Khanty. Separate branches of shamanists

a. Burkhamists, a synonym for white faith people

These included Oirots (partially) living in the Oirot autonomous region.

b. Followers of the hari-map cult

These included the Nanai, Olchi, and Orochi people who lived in the Far Eastern Region.

Group 11 (cipher 9)

Other and unspecified religions

A. The Brahmanists

Among them were Hindus who lived in the cities of Central Asia.

B. Confucians, synonyms: zhu-jiao, kung-tzu-jiao Among them were the Chinese who lived in the Far Eastern Region

B. Fire worshippers, synonyms: Parsi, Guebras

Among them were the Persians who lived in Baku

G. Patriarchal ancestral cults, synonyms: pagans, animists, idolaters

a. Kugu-varieties, synonyms: big candle, kugusortniki

Among them were the Mari people who lived in the Mari auth. regions

b. Lipo fans

Among them were the Udmurts who lived in the Udmurt ASSR

V. Fans of Kuzma (Kuzka, the Mordovian god)

These included the Mordovians who lived in the Mordovian ASSR.

Patriarchal cults were also found among Svans and Khevsurs (SSR of Georgia) and Chuvash (Chuvash. ASSR)

D. Religious and philosophical worldviews found mainly among the urban population of the USSR:

a) Monotheists (monotheism)

b) Deists (deism)

c) Pantheists (pantheism)

d) Spiritualists (spiritualism)

e) Mystics (mysticism)

page 132
f) Theosophists, spiritualists, occultists (theosophy, spiritism, occultism)

E. Vague indications

but. Christians without further definition; Free Christian Church, Scientific Christians

b. Believers without further definition, religious, without (outside) a particular church, religion, religious community, or cult.

Group 12 (cipher 10)

A. Those who did not answer the question about religion

B. Who gave an inaccurate answer to a question about religion

B. Persons under 16 years of age.

page 133

© biblio.kz

Постоянный адрес данной публикации:

https://biblio.kz/m/articles/view/Map-of-Religions-for-the-Failed-All-Union-Census-of-1937-A-Forgotten-Page-in-Soviet-Religious-Studies