Libmonster ID: KZ-2884
Author(s) of the publication: F. M. MANSUROVA

The unification of Russia into a centralized state and the expansion of its borders in the XVI - XVII centuries were a powerful impetus for the formation of many new cities. The predominant type of urban systems were fortified cities with traditional elements-the center (fortress, Kremlin) and villages (posad, sloboda). The construction of such cities in the XVI-XVII centuries is typical for the Volga region, the Urals and Western Siberia. Ancient Russian cities were also rebuilt according to the same type. Historians of urban planning have defined them as "fortress cities of the XVI-XVII centuries" 1. However, they did not become the only type of urban systems, as evidenced by the cities of the Kama region at that time.

The Kama region before its full annexation to Russia consisted of two historical regions. The upper Kama region was occupied by early Novgorod colonies within the appanage of the Grand Permian Principality, which was formed in the XIV century. The Lower and Middle Kama region, even after joining the Russian state, was called the "Meadow Side of the Kazan Kingdom". Documents show that in the Kama region already in those days there was an urban culture. There are, for example, such urban settlements of Perm Velikaya as Iskor, Cherdyn and Solikamsk 2 . In the Kazan Kingdom, there were also urban-type settlements where crafts, trade, and various crafts developed .3
In the Kama region, by the 16th century, government activities were directed not at building cities for the settlement of Russian posadsky people, but at building a large number of defensive border points (Laishevo, cities of the Zakamskaya "zasechnaya zemlya")4 , as well as small guard and military-administrative villages - fortresses, forts, "towns". They helped to strengthen the power of the Russian state on the ground, served as a support for the submission of documents.-

1 See L. M. Tverskoy. Russkoe gorodostroitelstvo do kontsa XVII V. [Russian Urban Planning until the end of the 17th century].

2 M. N. Tikhomirov. Russia in the XVI century, Moscow, 1962, pp. 456-464.

3 See "History of the Tatar ASSR". Kazan. 1968, ch. III.

4 L. M. Tverskoy. Op. ed., pp. 53, 75.

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to prevent popular uprisings and to control the settlement of the Kama expanses 5 . Only in Cherdyn and Solikamsk were built posadas. The formation of urban settlements - these centers of economic development - occurred as a result of the development of villages and settlements into cities, private (feudal, especially monastic) construction, and the settlement of people. It is the economic and administrative centers that are of particular interest for the study of the peculiarity of Russian urban planning of the XVI-XVII centuries in this area.

After the annexation of the Upper Kama Region to Moscow, the Kama River becomes in its upper reaches the main road for immigrants - Russian peasants, artisans, merchants, soldiers from the central and north-western regions of Russia on their way to the Urals and Western Siberia. The richness of natural resources-fish, furs, land, forests, salt, copper-and good communications attracted a large number of peasants to the Kama region. There also appear numerous villages of Russian artisans, patrimonial estates, state and Stroganov fortresses, monasteries and their repairs. Cherdyn and Solikamsk are growing in size. However, Cherdyn after the annexation of Perm to Moscow loses for a while the importance of a management center. At the end of the 15th century, the Moscow government built a watchtower fortress - "gorodok" Pokcha6, 2 km from Cherdyn . It served as the residence of the Moscow governor and became the new administrative center. However, in economic terms, the center is preserved and developed precisely in Cherdyn as a place where trade routes intersect and the starting point for people who founded new settlements. Due to the spontaneity of the settlement process in the Kama region and the disunity of groups of immigrants and old-timers, Cherdyn did not develop as a compact city, which was greatly facilitated by the peculiarities of the taiga landscape. As Cherdyn grew larger and its settlements developed in the direction opposite to Pokcha (i.e., to Kama), the fortress increasingly remained aloof from the commercial and Sloboda quarters.

Interest in the development of the region and the need to protect it from raids forced the government after the fire of 1535 to build a new settlement on the site of the Trinity settlement, known in history as the" fortress city "Cherd' 7 . It consisted of a fortress and a posad, located on the high bank of the Kolva River and separated by wide and deep dens. From the shore, you could clearly see the distance and the floodplain valley of the river, to which the city was facing. The old Cherdyn villages and the taiga were approaching from the rear. "The built wooden Kremlin (fortress) consisted of 6 towers, 4 gates and an underground passage to Kolva. Eleven onslaughts of the Siberian Kazan Tatars, Voguls, the fortress on Kolva withstood " 8 . There were soldiers in the fortress, there were also a church and barns of the townspeople, and the territory on the floor side was occupied by the posad, which was surrounded by a wooden prison with six towers and six exit gates. In 1579, 326 people lived on the Posad .9 There are 14 churches, a voivode's house, a zemstvo and customs hut, Usolsky Dvor (for visitors from Solikamsk) and 25 retail shops. The territory of the posad did not exceed 16 hectares, and the fortress-2.4 hectares .10
Beyond the posad, in addition to the Cherdyn villages, which were called "Okologorodny stan" 11 , two monasteries were founded in the XVI-XVII centuries. There is also information about the existence of a third one, on the opposite bank of the Kolva River, where the peasants had hay fields. Under the city, a village of Cherdyn fishermen, distilleries and a pier stretched along the river. And the "fortress city" was the administrative center and residence of a few people. Cherdyn itself consisted of several urban-type villages. Having administrative independence and known as villages, pochinki and sloboda, they remained an integral part of the urban system. This explains the fact that for almost two centuries the "fortress city" was not overgrown with settlements, as it was in most other posadsky cities of that era .12
A similar phenomenon can be traced to the example of another oldest settlement of the Upper Kama region - Solikamsk. It appeared due to the development of salt industries-

5 G. I. Peretyatkovich. The Volga Region in the XV-XVI centuries, Moscow, 1877, pp. 240-241. Volga region in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Odessa. 1882, pp. 140, 169, 176, 267.

6 M. N. Tikhomirov. Op. ed., p. 457.

7 V. N. Shishonko. Perm Chronicle from 1263 to 1881 Book I. Perm. 1881, p. 38.

8 "Historical and cultural monuments of the Perm region". Perm. 1976, p. 70.

9 V. N. Shishonko. Op. ed., p. 82.

10 TsGIA of the USSR, f. 1399, op. 1, 618.

11 V. N. Shishonko. Op. ed., p. 83.

12 P. P. Smirnov. Posadsky people and their class struggle until the middle of the XVII century. Vol. 1. Moscow, 1948, p. 416.

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fishing on the bank of the Kama River. Initially, the crafts were discovered by the Kalinnikov brothers from Vologda on the Borovka River, 5 km from modern Solikamsk. In 1430, they started fishing on the river. Usolke 13 . The area between Borovka and Usolka was the location of many salt-producing villages, settlements, peasant warnits, chapels and fiefdoms, which together made up the Kama Salt. In the XVI century, the Ascension Monastery with its own village, mills and varnits appeared on Usolka. Gradually, Kama Salt turns into a trading and transshipment point, as merchants from different regions of Russia came here for salt. Among the inhabitants of the Kama Salt in the XVI-XVII centuries, there were "blacksmiths, shoemakers, tanners, archers, boatmen, silversmiths, fishmongers" 14, who sometimes lived in specialized artels. Solikamsk villages were often ravaged and burned by Bashkirs, Siberian Tatars, and Voguls, since there was almost no security at that time.

In the 1570s, on the above-flood terrace of Usolka, 2 km from the Kama River, the fortress and posad 15 were founded , the first one was usually called ostrog 16 . Its location and name indicate that the fortress was not a central element of the city, like the Kremlins in other Russian cities. Clearly separate from it was Posad. This settlement was small. In 1579, at the time of the first census, there were 190 yards and 27 shops in the posad, 406 people lived, a moving out house, a court hut and a customs house were established, there was a voivode's house and a cherdynets ' house. In 1623, there were already 520 people there17 . The posadskys on the bank of the Usolka River had cooking shops, blacksmiths, and distilleries. In 1624, near the town of Posad and ostrog, there were 38 warnits18 . Their location in close proximity to the" town", associated with the limited urban land, and was the cause of numerous fires. In 1672, another fire burned down the prison, town walls, courtyards and churches of this "town". In the future, the posad had no fortifications and was ravaged not only by Tatars and Bashkirs, but also by serving people of Russian patrimonial estates and monasteries .19 Trade was conducted independently of the"city-posad". On a specially designated area on the bank of the Kama River, yards and warehouses of visiting merchants and Posadsky residents were located near the common marina of Soli Kamskaya, in which the "city-posad" was only one of the 20 settlements .

The presented data on Cherdyn and Solikamsk indicate the formation of new urban settlement systems as a result of new socio-economic factors and the unique natural conditions of the Kama region. The elements of this system ("city-posad", fortress, monastery, sloboda and commercial villages), being independent administrative units, had a variety of features, somewhat similar to urban in type, but significantly different from the features inherent in traditional Russian cities. Let's add that in the Upper Kama region in the XVI-XVII centuries, private urban planning was also carried out. Such villages as Kai, Orel, Kamgorod, Kankor, Usolye were created by the Stroganovs on the right bank of the Kama River. All of them lie in the area of modern Usolye (with the exception of Kaya)21 . These settlements were small fortresses that were used both for storing salt and fur, and as feudal residences.

What was inherent in private urban planning? We are talking about spatial formations of the urban type, where the fortress and salt-producing peasant settlements formed the city as a single whole. The fortress had one, non-productive function, and its existence without neighboring villages was meaningless, since the Verkhnekamsk fortresses were military "towns" only in exceptional cases. For example, Usolye was founded in 1606 as a salt mining settlement. The city began its history as one of the centers of salt production organized by the Stroganovs. This village can be considered as a three-part system - a fortress with administrative and religious buildings, houses of famous people and crafts (Upper and Lower); around which settlements were grouped 22 . Same thing before-

13 "Monuments of history and culture of the Perm region", p. 64.

14 M. N. Tikhomirov. Op. ed., p. 463.

15 "Monuments of history and culture of the Perm region", p. 64.

16 V. N. Shishonko. Edict. op. Kn. II. Perm. 1881, p. 146.

17 Ibid. Book I, p. 82.

18 Ibid. Book II, pp. 260-264.

19 P. P. Smirnov. Op. ed., pp. 217-218.

20 M. N. Tikhomirov. Op. ed., p. 463.

21 Ibid., pp. 460-462.

22 "Monuments of history and culture of the Perm region", pp. 67-68.

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they were also other fishing towns mentioned above. So, if in Cherdyn and Solikamsk the formation of spatial urban systems with centers in the form of a "fortress city" or "posad city" can be considered the result of spontaneous development, then in this case there was a purposeful organization of production and settlement. The development of industrial crafts and various non-fortified urban settlements changed the appearance of local cities in general, reducing the size of neighborhoods enclosed in" city " walls.

After the conquest of Kazan in the middle of the 16th century, economic life in the Lower and Middle Kama regions became much more lively. The Lower Kama River opened up new opportunities for the resettlement of peasants from the central and southern regions of Russia. The need to create strong points on the Kama River and its tributaries caused the construction of a number of small fortified military guard and administrative settlements in the second half of the XVI century-fortresses, forts, "towns", "suburbs". They appeared in Betki, Rybnaya Sloboda (modern), Sheshminsk, Akhtachinsk, Menzelinsk, Sarapul, Osa 23 . Osa-fortress, founded on the site of the Ancient Settlement on the bank of Osinka, 2 km from the Kama River, served to protect the Russian settlements of the Kama region. Near the fortress itself, Novo-Nikolskaya Sloboda was soon formed. In 1595, 84 newcomers from Kaluga, Ustyug and Kaigorod settled in it. Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery 24 also appeared here . By the middle of the 17th century, two more settlements appeared nearby - Podgornaya and Kamskaya 25 . They, like Novo - Nikolskaya (Dvortsovaya Osinskaya), unlike urban settlements, were independent administrative units, and the fortress was not supposed to be an urban center, because it remained a purely military settlement.

Near the Sarapul fortress, located on the Kama River, at the end of the XVI century, several settlements were also formed: the village of Voznesenskoye (near the fortress itself) and on the Bolshoy and Malaya Sarapulka rivers. At the mouth of the latter, a monastery with its own settlements grew up. Small villages of runaway peasants appeared on Startseva Gora. Then, due to the fact that there was a crossing over the Kama River not far from Voznesenskoye, new Russian villages were founded on the opposite bank. All of them, located in close proximity to the Sarapul fortress, were not, as in Osa, urban settlements, but bore the titles of villages, villages and settlements. In general, villages and settlements appeared near almost all such built fortresses. However, Russian settlements also appeared in places where there were no fortresses: Yelabuga, Naberezhnye Chelny, Mamadysh. Favorable natural conditions and the availability of water communications contributed to the rapid settlement of the Kama coast. One of the first to appear was the fortified village of Tresvyatskoye in Yelabuga (the second half of the XVI century). It is located in such a way that it was not noticeable from the Kama 1.5 km away, on the Toyma 26 tributary . And on the Yelabuga settlement - the old Bulgarian town-the Trinity Monastery was founded. The Russian village of Podmonastrka appeared nearby. The monastery is located on the high bank of the Kama River, at the mouth of the Toyma River. Soon, many villages grew up in the Yelabuga area. In one of them, Tresvyatsky, in 1623, 700 people lived 27 .

Naberezhnye Chelny was formed by the beginning of the XVII century. Natives of the villages near the village of Yelabuga, united in a community, crossed the opposite bank of the Kama River and founded the village of Cape Chelny, at the confluence of the Melnkeski with the Chelninka. Then new villages sprang up almost immediately, and one of them, the village of Berezhnye Chelny, was located on the low bank of the Kama River. The settlements were located in such close proximity that they were collectively called Naberezhnye Chelny .28 As such villages and villages grow, agriculture and handicrafts develop, and the local population becomes involved in commodity-money relations, some agricultural and commercial settlements located at the intersection of water and land roads develop into local shopping centers. Trade was mediated between producers and government buyers - merchants from large cities passing through the Kama River - and, in turn, between the local population and the local population.

23 G. I. Peretyatkovich. Volga region in the XVII-XVIII centuries, pp. 83-85, 129-130.

24 V. N. Shishonko. Edict. op. Kn. I, p. 117.

25 See V. N. Shishonko. Census books of Prince Ivan Dashkov in 1618, Perm. 1879.

26 N. I. Shishkin. The history of Yelabuga since ancient times. Elabuga. 1901, pp. 15-17.

27 N. Blinov. Sarapul and the Middle Kama region. Sarapul, 1908, p. 13.

28 G. I. Peretyagkovich. Volga region in the XVII-XVIII centuries, pp. 118-119.

page 218

the queue stimulated further changes in the occupations of the inhabitants of the Kama region. Among them appear icon painters, tailors, shoemakers, carriers 29 . Leather and blacksmithing, flour milling, distilling, and shipbuilding were developed. Settlements located in the vicinity of commercial wharves acquire the character of urban settlements.

At the beginning of the 17th century, trade centers of this type existed in Sarapul, Naberezhnye Chelny, Yelabuga, Osa, Mamadysh, and Meizelshsk (before its transformation into a fortress city on the Zakamskaya "zasechnaya zemlya" in the 60s of the 17th century).30 . At the wharves, visiting merchants founded "otkupnye crafts", and then the settlements turned into trade and procurement settlements: Voznesenskoye in Sarapul, Tresvyatskoye in Yelabuga, Kamskaya Sloboda in Osa, Berezhnye Chelny in Naberezhnye Chelny. The population of these settlements is significant. For example, in 1723 there were more than 1 thousand people in Voznesensk 31 . There were also considerable shopping areas. So, in Voznesensk, the size of the auction was equal to one and a half hectares. The appearance of commercial settlements attracted close attention of Moscow. The state built new fortresses, including on the territory of Mamadysh, Yelabuga and Naberezhnye Chelny. Historians of past centuries associated their appearance with the need to defend themselves from the raids of the Nogais. Modern authors specify that, for example, in Mamadysh, the prison was built "formally to protect against the Nogais, but in reality from the pressure of the heavy population at times of aggravation of class contradictions" 32 . After the construction of these fortresses, commercial villages do not become cities (as well as fortresses known for their "ostrogs" and "kremlins"), because the population of palace settlements does not become posadsky and there are no posadas, which together with the fortress formed an ordinary Russian city of that time. Commercial free villages therefore become palatial, because the serf system slowed down the appearance of cities. This is the meaning of the official record that in 1658 "the cities of Sarapul and Yelabuga did not yet exist"33 : economic centers appeared, but did not receive the corresponding title. In general, Nizhnekamsk and Srednekamsk urban settlements acquired the status of cities only at the end of the XVIII or even at the beginning of the XIX century.

Back in the first half of the 17th century, the city of Naberezhnye Chelny was built on the territory of Naberezhnye Chelny. It consisted of a fortress and two soldiers ' settlements with a population of only 80 people; "it was erected at the confluence of the river Chelninka in the Kama; it stood on a mountain above the last river, was surrounded on all sides by a taras rampart and, moreover, on two sides facing the ground, a ditch, near which were driven holes; around six towers were built along the moat of the city, of which four corner towers were blind, and two in the middle-with a passing gate. " 34 The fortress occupied an area of 2.4 hectares. Soldiers built a church near the fortress. It should be noted that it is not the trading settlement Berezhnye Chelny, located near the fortress, but the hlebopashesky Russian village of Mys Chelny that was named in 1653 as the" posad " of the city of Naberezhnye Chelny . The inhabitants of commercial settlements represented different nationalities: Tatars, Udmurts, Bashkirs, and the settlements themselves consisted of several commercial and commercial villages and settlements, including Tatar urban settlements (according to the tsar's decree, Tatars did not have the right to live in the cities themselves).

After the conquest of the Kazan Kingdom and the development of the Kama region by the Russian people, a number of former Tatar urban-type settlements, including Kazan, temporarily fell into disrepair. However, this does not mean that the Tatars, who had long been engaged in trade, crafts and crafts, became exclusively farmers, and the development of urban culture was suspended. There was a serious civilizing role of Russia in relation to the socio-economic development of the peoples of the Middle Volga region and the Urals .36 Local, primarily Tatar, merchants, artisans and artisans, who were evicted from Kazan and other more southern centers, then took a direct part in the economic life of the Kama region. They settled directly in Russian trading and fishing points or in the vicinity of commercial wharves. In one petition of 1638, among the signatories of Sarapul, we see: "Instead of his father

29 Ibid., p. 137.

30 "History of the Tatar ASSR", p. 120.

31 N. Blinov. Op. ed., pp. 12-13.

32 "History of the Tatar ASSR", p. 112.

33 V. N. Shishonko. Perm Chronicle ... Book II, p. 408.

34 G. I. Peretyatkovich. Volga region in the XVII-XVIII centuries, p. 132.

35 Ibid., p. 138.

36 See K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 27, p. 241.

page 219

Ivan Izhboldy's son Tishka Ivanov " 37 . Here is a modest evidence that Sarapul was also inhabited by Tatars and represented something more than the village of Voznesenskoye and the fortress. Near Laishevo, the fortress city of the defensive ring on the outskirts of Kazan, in the middle of the XVII century. there was a Tatar artel and settlements of "foreigners". The population of the artel was 242 people. At the census, it was included in the city boundaries, although it had administrative independence .38
Thus, we can assume that the formation of most cities of the Kama region in the XVI-XVII centuries (such as Cherdyn, Solikamsk, Usolye, Kai, Orel, Okhansk, Osa, Sarapul, Naberezhnye Chelny, Yelabuga, Mamadysh) was not the result of "posadsky construction", but the natural formation of commercial centers. The determining factors of this development were the spontaneous settlement of the Kama region, the diverse ethnic composition of the population, some material prerequisites in the form of a previous culture and the emergence of new socio-economic incentives, and the natural conditions of the Kama region. The construction of a large number of fortifications-fortresses, forts, "towns", as well as "suburbs" and townships-did not mean the formation of cities. These elements were only a "managerial part" of urban systems. Customs fortifications can be compared with "castles" (but not with the Kremlins of old Russian cities), and settlements under these urban systems-commercial, commercial, monastic villages and settlements-with settlements of cities. Urban-type formations of the XVI-XVII centuries. in their structure, they went beyond the traditional Russian city: they had a large spatial extent, included significant natural elements, and themselves seemed to "dissolve" in this natural environment. This is their main specificity.

37 N. Blinov. Op. ed., p. 12.

38 See "The city of Laishev in the XVI-XVII centuries". Kazan. 1898.

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