Archaeological wooden objects are just as important and valuable historical sources as stone artifacts, pottery products, metal products, bones, fabrics, etc.But they require special research conditions, because due to their organic origin, they quickly collapse after being removed from the usual environment. The process of studying wooden objects consists of two stages: field and desk. At the first stage, the researcher can get the maximum possible amount of information only if the sequence of operations is strictly observed, and they are performed quickly and efficiently. The most difficult objects to study are large-sized wooden objects - burial structures and lodges. Their research is carried out during the entire process of excavation of the archaeological site. The field stage of studying the burial structure is completed by its rapid reconstruction at the excavation site-sequential assembly for re-examination and obtaining additional information about the features of the construction and installation scheme of the structure.

Keywords: archaeological objects made of wood, burial structures, consistent study during excavations, rapid reconstruction.

Introduction

If such scientific areas of archeology as stone processing, pottery, metalworking have their own fairly well-developed research methods and a classification system for objects, methods for identifying and studying traces of processing, and manufacturing technologies, then such an analytical and practical arsenal is still being developed for ancient woodworking. The main problems of its research are as follows::

1) heterogeneity of the sources used, which is due to differences in their structural and qualitative characteristics, which are directly dependent on each other: safety-traces of processing - suitability for research and reconstruction;

2) numerous existing reconstructions of types of dwellings, burial structures and lodges based on the analysis of secondary and indirect sources with incorrect use of analogs of ethnographic time;

3) introduction of unverified reconstructions into scientific circulation, which, becoming familiar, pass from one publication to another and are used as certain standards [Medvedev, Nesmeyanov, 1988, p. 113];

4) the lack of a unified system of universals - generally accepted concepts and terms. Often, the archaeologist uses in research practice.-

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Natural Science (project No. 09-01-18085e) ; the Program of Fundamental Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (direction 8: Museum and Archival funds: study, introduction to scientific circulation, ensuring a new quality of access to cultural heritage); and a grant from the President of the Russian Federation to support leading scientific schools (NSH-1648.2008.6).

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an extensive "arsenal" of designations of the object, its components and parts, technological operations, techniques and methods of wood processing. This leads to discrepancies in the definition of the type and design of the same research subject;

5) lack of a unified system for comprehensive analysis of sources.

Despite the fact that synchronous funerary monuments have local and cultural differences in the details of the funeral rite, the construction of grave structures, etc., in the practice of conducting archaeological work, it is customary to observe the general rules and principles for studying monuments of this type (Shelov, 1989). The study of funerary structures made of wood of good and medium preservation has been conducted for quite a long time. A lot of information has been accumulated about various techniques and methods of ancient woodworking. However, the experience of studying wooden objects during excavations of archaeological sites was not generalized and systematized to the proper extent. Recently, several works on wood processing in the Early Iron Age have been published (Mylnikov, 1999a, 2002, 2006, 2008; Samashev and Mylnikov, 2004; Čugunov, Parzinger, Nagler, 2010). Nevertheless, the problem of getting maximum information about the source remains relevant. This is especially true for intra-grave wooden structures.

Obtaining adequate information largely depends not only on the degree of preservation of an archaeological site, but also on the methodology of its research [Vadetskaya, 1981, p.56]. Simple statistics show that for various objective and subjective reasons, during excavations, as a rule, the necessary complete comprehensive survey of wooden burial structures (log cabins) is not properly carried out, with all the features of the installation of the structure and the processing of its details from the outside and inside. Most researchers study only the internal surfaces of logs and blocks, and the external ones, pressed against the walls of the grave pit, are ignored. The experience of many years of annual research of archaeological wood during the excavation of burial mounds in the Altai, Siberia, Eastern Kazakhstan, the Turan-Uyuk basin, Northwestern Mongolia and the study of materials from neighboring territories allow us to express some suggestions and recommendations for working with archaeological objects made of wood.

Features of studying wooden burial structures

As the practice of archaeological excavations with the participation of a woodworking specialist shows, basic information about wood processing technology is obtained during field research. Only a small part of the additional information can be obtained in the office environment. First of all, this applies to funerary structures. Remaining the most labor-intensive and conservative in terms of manufacturing technology with wooden objects, they preserve in their architecture, traditions of surface treatment, features of manufacturing nodes and parts the distinctive features inherent in this culture, this ethnic formation. That is why it is so important to try to gather as much information about the source as possible during field research. Statistical data indicate that the determining factor in archaeological excavations is the preservation of wooden objects and the possibility of their preliminary preservation for long-term transportation to a specialized laboratory or museum, where they will be subjected to complex cameral research and reconstruction. For example, for many years of studying funerary monuments of the Bronze Age on the territory of Siberia was not able to preserve a single wooden structure that seemed archaeologically intact during the excavations. Individual structural elements and wood samples were taken for dendrochronological analysis. Of the many hundreds of Early Iron Age burial mounds studied in the Altai region (Kubarev and Shulga, 2007, p. 9), only a few log cabins were preserved, preserved, and restored. One incomplete internal log house (there is no log in the northern wall of the lower crown) of the two-chamber elite burial structure from mound 5 of the Pazyryk burial ground is displayed in the Scythian hall of the State Hermitage Museum, two are kept in its funds. Two incomplete log cabins (without overlappings) from the burials of ordinary bearers of the Pazyryk culture are displayed in the Museum of History and Culture of the Peoples of Siberia and the Far East in the Institute of History and Culture of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and one elite one is stored in the restoration laboratory of the A. Kh. Margulan Institute of Archeology in Kazakhstan. An absolutely intact ethnographically preserved log house with a floor covering and a burial bed made of blocks was examined in detail by the Russian-Mongolian-German Archaeological expedition during the excavation of the Pazyryk culture mound in Northwestern Mongolia in 2006. [Molodin et al., 2006; Mylnikov, Molodin, and Parzinger et al., 2007]. These almost complete objects have the maximum information about the technology of ancient woodworking and are an ideal source for recreating the original appearance of the burial structure. Reconstructions based on the archaeological material of the ethnographic community-

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Unlike those made on the basis of the analysis of traces from a wooden structure with the use of ethnographic data, the figures are absolutely reliable.

Even in permafrost mounds, wooden objects do not always appear to the researcher in an ethnographic form. And wood of good preservation in case of non-compliance with the rules of its immediate pre-preservation, protection from the harmful destructive effects of the sun and wind, rapidly changing ambient temperature, dryness and lack of constant moisture can begin to degrade (crack and flake) within half an hour after it is cleared and exposed. And since most expeditions, as a rule, do not have specialists in restoration, the material can literally crumble to dust during the day (Gryaznov, 1980, p.8). Therefore, it is very important to strictly follow the procedure of appropriate actions and complex measures aimed at preserving wooden objects as much as possible and obtaining maximum information about the object of research during excavations [Krasnov, 1989, p.41-42]. Before starting work, it is necessary to get advice from restoration specialists on how to extract archaeological objects from the usual environment, methods of conservation and restoration of finds in the field, or get acquainted with the relevant literature and brief recommendations of the All-Russian (All-Union) Institute of Restoration [Field Conservation..., 1987; Samashev, Akhmetkaliyev, Altynbekov, 2004; Revutskaya, 2006].

Experts recommend working with wooden objects very carefully, without unnecessary haste and at the same time in the shortest possible time. Required actions: quick, careful and thorough cleaning of the object; regular uniform moistening of the entire surface with an antiseptic solution; identification of processing traces (tool blade prints); photographing the general appearance of the object, close-up of structural components and details, traces of processing on surfaces; measuring objects and recording parameters; sketching and detailed description in the field diary of all the nuances of the studied objects. objects; preliminary conservation.

It should be remembered that not only elite monumental funerary structures, in many cases reference ones, but also ordinary ordinary people store valuable information about the culture and development of ancient production. "Burials in larch log cabins of the so-called ordinary Pazyryk residents are a kind of reduced copy of the" royal" burials: they are also arranged and contain the same categories of funeral equipment " [Polos'mak and Molodin, 2000, p.82-83].

Ground burial structures

The Bronze Age. All the studied elite burial structures of the Bronze Age had a complex structure, which was carefully studied for a long time, both during excavations and in laboratory conditions [Gening V. F., Zdanovich, Gening V. V., 1992]. Ordinary members of the society were buried mainly in simple single-wall frames with overlappings, which had their own peculiarities of angular binding of logs. However, due to the poor preservation of wood, it is very difficult to identify them. During the disassembly of the filling with a shovel, you had to pay close attention to its consistency and color, so that rough cleaning would not destroy important small parts. Long, loose rusty-brown streaks appeared, indicating that the researchers had reached the ceiling of the burial structure or its details. This was followed by a mandatory fine cleaning, mainly using a shovel, spatula, knife and brush. The work was greatly facilitated by the fact that the ground burial structures were not accompanied by burials of horses. Often, buried underground burials were a collective tomb consisting of several (sometimes more than a dozen) log frames with overlappings located close to each other in one or two rows (burial grounds Zhuravlevo-4, Tanai-7 in Western Siberia) [Bobrov, Chikisheva, Mikhailov, 1993; Bobrov, Mylnikova, Mylnikov, 2001, 2002; Mylnikova and Mylnikov, 2002].

Early Iron Age. All the elite ground burial structures of the Early Iron Age excavated in different regions (medium and poor preservation) had a monumental complex structure with its own features, which were identified and covered in detail by researchers [Akishev and Kushaev, 1963; Chernikov, 1965; Gryaznov, 1980].

Intra-sepulchral funerary structures

An intra-grave burial structure is the most difficult to study, because it is placed in a narrow and cramped grave pit, the boundaries of which the researcher cannot violate by definition. By expanding your workspace, you can eliminate one of the most important sources of additional information about stratigraphy. For these reasons, in Gorny and Central Altai, the vast majority of wooden burial structures excavated before the 90s of the XX century were not properly studied on the external surfaces of log cabins, the general architecture of the structure was not recorded in the photo, and landscape design was not carried out.

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reconstruction. The following generations of researchers can only judge the general appearance of the burial structure by using mostly two-dimensional images (drawings, sections, plans) recreated and interpreted by artists, as well as rare photographs of individual moments of the excavation process. Meanwhile, the authentic appearance, architectural and technological features of ancient buildings, thoroughly identified and recorded during excavations, are of exceptional importance in terms of obtaining the most reliable information about the object of research, equivalent to ethnographic observations of existing buildings.

The Bronze Age. Intra-sepulchral funerary structures with wooden structures dating back to the Bronze Age are very rare. In Kazakhstan, a combined structure made of stone and wood on the Begazy-Dandybay-11 monument was studied. On a square foundation 70 cm high, made of rubble slabs, a four-step log cabin in the form of a truncated pyramid was placed. Cutting for fastening logs in the corners was not used, and therefore the structures inclined to the center of the wall had gaps as wide as the thickness of the log. From above, the log house-crate was covered with a roll of 12-14 logs placed close to each other (Gryaznov, 1953, p. 130-132). This wooden structure is similar to the funerary structures of the Chilikty burial ground in Scythian times (Chernikov, 1965, pp. 8-40).

Wood burial structures suitable for study are also very rare in Western Siberia (Bobrov and Mylnikov, 2001). Despite their relatively simple construction (double-link frames with angular butt-to-toe mating or in a simple paw), they were quite difficult to study due to unsatisfactory preservation. They had to be studied inside a narrow grave pit. When removing the birch bark cover or the slightest shift from its place, the upper layers of wood began to crumble, and it was not possible to fix them with improvised means in the absence of qualified restorers, without special expensive solutions. After clearing, measuring, photographing, sketching and describing only one burial, it was possible to take four relatively intact logs entirely for samples for dendrochronological analysis and for a more detailed study in the chamber conditions.

Early Iron Age. Wooden structures of inter-grave burial structures of good preservation have been thoroughly studied in Gorny Altai, Kazakhstan, Tuva, and Mongolia. Reference structures in terms of obtaining maximum information about ancient woodworking were made from the following burials: elite - Pazyryk, mound 5; Berel, mound 11; Arzhan-2, mogh. 5; middle class - Ak-Alakha-3, mound 1; ordinary-Verkh-Kaldzhin-1 and -2, Olon-Kurin-Gol-10, mound 1 (the latter in Mongolia, the rest in the Altai) [Mylnikov, 1999b; Molodin and Mylnikov, 1999; Samashev and Mylnikov, 2004; Mylnikov et al., 2002; Molodin et al., 2006; Mylnikov, Molodin, and Parzinger et al., 2007].

The experience of researchers shows that when excavating monuments of the Early Iron Age after removing the stone embankment, special attention should be paid to the analysis of filling the grave pit. According to statistics, the vast majority of graves are looted. This means that in the mound and filling of the grave pit there may be small and large fragments of logs of over-log floors cut by robbers, burial structures and lodges, fragments of wooden items of funeral equipment, and sometimes whole things thrown in a hurry by grave-robbers. Up to the level of the log cabin ceiling, and sometimes even lower, there are various household items that accompany the deceased and were used in the funeral rite (ladders, peshniks, shovels, stakes, splinters, logs, poles), as well as what the robbers lost.

On the floor of a log house, there are details, and sometimes entire structures of dwellings (Ak-Alakha-1) [Polos'mak, 1994, p. 22], coverings made of several layers of larch bark, birch bark, and Kuril tea (Pazyryk, Tuekta, Bashadar, and Berel). On the birch bark, traces of its cutting into sheets (smooth edges) or stitching them into panels (rows of symmetrically located holes of small diameter) may remain.

Underground burials in the graves of Scythian times are often accompanied by burials of bridled and decorated horses, sometimes in the amount of several dozen (elite). Horse compartments in most cases remain untouched by robbers.

The grave pit is conventionally divided by researchers into an intra-log space in which a person is buried with accompanying equipment, and a near-log space behind the northern wall of the log house, where horses and household items are buried. The study of these parts of intra-grave funerary structures has its own specifics, connected with the boundaries established by the ritual, in which many things are concentrated in a certain order.

After the ceiling is exposed, the horse burial site is first examined to ensure free access to the upper part of the log structure, its northern wall, and the burial of a person. Horses were usually laid sequentially in a free space behind the northern wall of the log house with their heads facing east, with their legs bent under their bellies, in one row.

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or several rows separated from each other by layers of birch bark and Kuril tea (Gryaznov, 1950; Rudenko, 1953, 1960; Samashev, Faizov, Bazarbaeva, 2001, p. 24-26). Corpses of horses of the upper row were sometimes located on the ceiling. Often the main ones in the funeral procession are those horses whose remains are located at the bottom, in the first layer. In the two-log burial of mound 1 of the Ak-Alakha-1 burial ground on the Ukok Plateau in Gorny Altai, horses lay inside an external log house near the northern wall (Polos'mak, 1994, p. 22-24). During the cleaning of the horse compartment, carefully examine the location of the horse's head, neck, and rump, where there are wooden harness ornaments, felt saddles with appliques, wooden shackles and pendants, and weapons (shields). In large elite mounds in the same compartment were located details of dwellings (yurt), means of transportation and transportation of goods (chariots, carts), frames for embroidered, pile and felt carpets (curtains). Occasionally, in two-log elite burials between the walls of log cabins, there was a horse harness with sets of suspended and sewn ornaments made of wood, wooden dishes, poles, wedges.

The funerary structures of the elite mostly differ from the rest in the monumentality of architecture. Over a high log house of 5-12 crowns, a complex frame-post structure was often built with several coasting logs on top. The method of studying superstructure structures is the main procedure for studying intra-grave funerary structures made of wood. First, measurement, sketching, description, photofixing and disassembly of the logs of the coasts are made, then the transverse matts on which these coasts lay, then the vertical pillars-supports. When disassembling logs, it is necessary to make a sequential marking of each part and lay them in a certain order on a specially equipped site next to the mound for subsequent final inspection and preliminary preservation before transportation.

In the future, the procedure for studying wooden structures during excavations is as follows. If the log house is two-chamber, first the overlap of the external log house (ceiling) is sequentially disassembled, the logs are marked and taken to the work site in the same way as the elements of the superstructure. Next, the inter-log cabin space is investigated with the fixation of features, details and objects (sometimes between the log cabins there are wooden dishes and horse bridles with ornaments made of wood). Then, in the same order, the overlap of the internal log house is dismantled. After that, its internal space is examined: the burial of a person and accompanying equipment (jewelry, weapons, dishes), after which the funeral bed is released, which can be simple and complex in design. After studying it, fixing and marking the parts, it should be disassembled, pre-preserved and packed for further transportation to the laboratory.

When the entire interior space of the log cabins is explored and released, the study of the main structure of the burial structure begins. Here, special attention is paid to identifying ways to cut log cabins and install each crown. Angular conjugates are thoroughly investigated. It is mandatory to identify and record traces of processing and marking of logs in the form of straight or oblique incisions made at the ends of logs or in the middle with an axe or adze blade. They can be from the outside (often hidden from the eyes of researchers) sides of the log cabin walls. Close attention is paid to studying the methods of surface finishing and processing the ends of logs of each crown, identifying additional strengthening and leveling horizontal and vertical devices made of shingles and wedges, coating inter-crown and corner joints with clay, etc.

This is followed by a poventsovaya disassembly of the walls of the internal log house (in rare cases - at the same time and external, if its safety leaves much to be desired). Special attention should be paid to the free exit of each log from the nests of the corner mating, so as not to damage the felling. A cursory inspection of the external surfaces pressed against the walls of the grave pit will not be superfluous, to identify such subtle nuances as covering the interventricular crevices with clay, sealing the crevices with wood chips, laying birch bark. Each log must be marked by wrapping its end with adhesive tape and applying an indelible marker marking the wall and crown number, as well as attaching a wooden or plastic plate with the number. As a kind of unification of research methods, we can recommend marking logs in crowns in accordance with the generally accepted marking system for modern carpenters - from bottom to top. Logs on the site are laid out in the order of their installation on the walls of each log house. During the study and disassembly process, crumbled, burst or detached parts are carefully secured with plastic tape. The final operation of dismantling the log house is marking and disassembling half-logs (planks, poles) of the floor. During the disassembly of the burial structure in the field diary, its technological scheme is drawn with the designation of the number of each part and all the features and methods of its assembly are recorded with a photo and video camera.

At the end of the study, the team members carry out an express reconstruction of the burial structure, which has proven itself well in the Altai, Tuva, and Mongolia [Mylnikov, 1999a;

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Fig. 1. The first experience of rapid reconstruction in 1994: sequential step-by-step assembly of a log house. Verkh-Kaldzhin-2, mound 1.

Mylnikov et al., 2002; Mylnikov, Molodin, and Parzinger et al., 2007]. With fresh impressions, as they say, "hot on the trail", in a very short time completely recreates the appearance of the object, available for detailed study. During daylight hours (small log cabins in two or three hours), a log house with an initial orientation by world countries is assembled sequentially in accordance with the marking on a flat area not far from the grave pit. Each action is recorded by a photo and video camera and timed. After complete assembly, the log house is examined from all sides in more comfortable conditions than in the narrow space of the grave pit, the general view and all the details of the structure are photographed from different points, from the outside and from the inside (Fig. 1-5), macro and video shooting is performed. This method is indispensable for collecting additional valuable information about woodworking, which contributes to the maximum extraction of information about the object.

In the process of technical and technological research of the burial structure, samples are taken for dendrochronological analysis. If the logs are perfectly preserved, then make a radial drilling of each of them (from the last annual ring to the next one).-

Fig. 2. Examples of poventsovoy fixing methods of binding logs in the corners of the log house. Verkh-Kaldzhin-2, mound 1.

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3. Round logs of the salary crown (1) and one-sided hewn logs of the floor covering (2) of the burial structure. Arzhan-2, border 5.

4. Express reconstruction of the burial structure from border 5 of the Arzhan-2 mound (see also p. 104). 1 - floor covering on the salary crown; 2 - the first crown of the log house assembled on the lower (salary); 3-the second crown of the log house assembled; 4 - the beginning of the installation of the third.

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Figure 4. The end. 5 - the third crown assembled; 6-the fourth crown assembled; 7-the beginning of the installation of the fifth crown; 8-the preserved log of the sixth crown on the fifth; 9, 10-incomplete sixth crown assembled: 9-view from the northwest, 10-top view from the north.

tru) with a special" age-related " drill. With the help of whole logs of log cabins that are not subject to museumification (overlaps, coasting), cross cuts are made, following a certain technique. During the selection of dendroprobes, a collection of samples is formed from all the details of the burial structure [Slyusarenko, 2000, pp. 124-125] (Fig. 6). If due to poor preservation of wood, the burial structure cannot be removed for museification, then from each log of the log house or block with a special saw with rows of small teeth of different profiles and different sizes that do not damage the wood structure, cut down three to five samples for independent dendrochronological studies in different laboratories around the world. The express reconstruction of the burial bed is carried out in exactly the same sequence. After a complete study of wooden structures, they are carefully and slowly disassembled (so as not to damage the fragile parts of the corner joints), logs, blocks and boards are soaked with preservative agents.

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Fig. 5. Ends of logs of the northern corner of the log house (1), the "in las" sign and slopes of planes of hewn logs inside the log house (2). Arzhan-2, border 5.

6. Sampling for dendrochronological analysis. 1 - production of a cross-cut from a log; 2-quality assessment of the selected samples.

they are carefully packed in appropriate packaging materials and prepared for long-term transportation to their destination. At the same time, newly identified features are recorded in the field diary.

Conclusion

Sometimes, in the course of studying mounds with wooden structures that are even very well preserved, researchers, including quite experienced ones who were directly involved in the excavations, due to a number of objective and subjective reasons, receive incorrect information about the original source, which over the years takes on more and more distorted forms. As a result, even after many years of excavations of archaeological sites, discussions arise concerning the reliability of the information initially obtained [Gavrilova, 1996, pp. 91-93; Marsadolov, 1996]. There is not the slightest doubt that the "differences" in determining the truth (authenticity, reliability) of artifacts obtained at one time and their attribution are due to insufficient information about the original source. In the end, all this is a consequence of the lack of development of methods for fixing wooden objects during excavations.

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During many years of work as part of archaeological teams, we have developed a method (procedure) for studying burial structures made of wood during excavations, with the obligatory recording of each stage of the study with a photo and video camera. It has proven itself well during field surveys in the Altai, Kazakhstan, Tuva and Mongolia.

General provisions of the methodology for studying an archaeological site with wooden objects during excavations:

1) preparation and organization of a working site at the site of excavation of an archaeological object;

2) identification of the archaeological tree in the study of the mound outline, filling the grave pit;

3) complete cleaning of over-log structures and floor logs;

4) study in the course of a general study of the archaeological site, according to the methodology, the superstructure structures and ceilings of burial structures, the order of their location and fitting to each other;

5) marking, disassembly and transportation of over-log structures and log cabin floors to the work site;

6) study of the log cabin space, wooden objects, accompanying equipment, and the burial bed;

7) marking, disassembly and transportation of the burial bed to the work site;

8) study of the circumferential space (horse compartments) and wooden objects located there;

9) disassembly and transportation of wooden objects from the near-pipe space to the work site;

10) study of angular binding of logs of external and internal log cabins;

11) investigation of internal and external surfaces of logs, log cabin walls and floor decking, identification of traces of wood processing;

12) marking, disassembly and transportation of logs of log cabin walls and floor decking to the work site;

13) study of all components of the burial structure on the work site: re-attribution of logs of external and internal log cabins, careful re-examination of each artifact;

14) laying out logs in the order of their installation on the walls, according to the marking;

15) express reconstruction of the burial structure and obtaining additional information about the source: repair, timing, recording with a photo and video camera of each stage of sequential assembly of structural parts;

16) sequential disassembly of log cabins and sampling for dendrochronological analysis;

17) thorough cleaning and preparation of all components of the burial structure for impregnation with preservative solutions;

18) pre-preservation and packaging of wooden construction parts for long-term transportation;

19) careful loading and delivery of all components of the burial structure to the laboratory;

20) creation of conditions for storage of wooden structures and preparation for conservation and restoration;

21) final (long-term) conservation, restoration and museumification of funerary structures made of wood.

List of literature

Akishev K. A., Kushaev G. A. Drevnaya kul'tura sakov i usunei doliny reki Ili [Ancient culture of the Saks and Usuns of the Ili River Valley]. Alma-Ata: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 1963, 298 p.

Bobrov V. V., Mylnikov V. P. Andronovo burial structures made of wood in mountain ecosystems of Southern Siberia / / Problems of Archeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and adjacent territories: (Materials of the Annual Session of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS. December 2001). Novosibirsk: Izd-vo IAET SB RAS, 2001. - Vol. 7. - pp. 220-223.

Bobrov V. V., Mylnikova L. N., Mylnikov V. P. Izuchenie kurganogo mogilnika Tanai-7 v polevoy sezon 2001 g. [Study of the Tanai-7 burial mound in the field season of 2001]. Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredel'nykh territorii: (mat-ly Godovoi sessii Inta arkheologii i etnografii SB RAS. December 2001). Novosibirsk: Izd-vo IAET SB RAS, 2001. - Vol. 7. - pp. 224-230.

Bobrov V. V., Mylnikova L. N., Mylnikov V. P. Novye rezul'taty issledovaniya mogilnika Tanai-7 [New results of the study of the Tanai-7 burial ground]. Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredel'nykh territorii: (mat-ly Godovoi sessii Inta arkheologii i etnografii SB RAS. December 2002). Novosibirsk: Izd-vo IAET SB RAS, 2002. - Vol. 8. - pp. 237-242.

Bobrov V. V., Chikisheva T. A., Mikhailov Yu. I. Burial ground of the Late Bronze Age Zhuravlevo-4. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1993, 157 p.

Vadetskaya E. B. [Archaeological and ethnographic aspects of the study of funeral monuments]. Metodologicheskie aspekty arkheologicheskikh i etnograficheskikh issledovaniy v Zapadnoy Sibiri [Methodological aspects of archaeological and ethnographic research in Western Siberia]. Tomsk: Publishing House of the Tomsk State University, 1981, pp. 56-58.

Gavrilova A. A. The Fifth Pazyryk kurgan: Additions to the excavation report and historical conclusions / / Priestcraft and shamanism in the Scythian era: Materials of the International Conference-St. Petersburg, 1996, pp. 89-102.

Gening V. F., Zdanovich G. B., Gening V. V. Sintashta: Archaeological monuments of Aryan tribes of the Ural-Kazakhstan steppes. Chelyabinsk: South-Ural Publishing House, 1992, part 1, 408 p.

Gryaznov M. P. Perviy Pazyrykskiy kurgan [The first Pazyryk Mound]. Hermitage Museum, 1950. - 85 p.

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Gryaznov, M. P., Monuments of the Karasuk stage in Central Kazakhstan, SA. - 1953, vol. 16, pp. 129-162.

Gryaznov M. P. Arzhan. - L.: Nauka, 1980. - 80 p.

Krasnov Yu. A. Raskopki gruntovykh mogilnikov [Excavations of ground burial grounds] / / Metodika polevykh arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy [Methods of field archaeological research], Nauka Publ., 1989, pp. 28-46.

Kubarev V. D., Shulga P. I. Pazyryk culture (Chui and Ur sula mounds). Barnaul: Alt. State University Publ., 2007, 282 p. (in Russian)

Marsadolov L. S. Brief afterword to the article by A. A. Gavrilova / / Priestcraft and shamanism in the Scythian era: Materials of the International Conference-St. Petersburg, 1996, pp. 105-107.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 03.02.10.

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