In July 2014, the international scientific conference "United Tuva in United Russia" was held in the city of Kyzyl in Tuva.: history, modernity, prospects", dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the union of Russia and Tuva, which brought together more than 100 participants representing 23 scientific institutions of Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Japan.

For the name of the conference, the definition of "unity" was chosen, which reflected the realities of establishing a protectorate of Russia over the people living in the geographical center of Asia. The term "protectorate "(from Lat. "protector" - protector, patron) was usually applied to countries that were under the patronage of other, more powerful and developed states. The study of Russian protectorates shows that in the early stages of history, the conclusion of the act of protection was dominated by geopolitical goals. This type of protectorate is clearly seen in the example of Russia's patronage over Tuva. At the same time, it is important to note that in this case the interest was mutual: Russia strengthened its sphere of influence in the eastern direction and strengthened its borders here, and Tuva received serious guarantees of non-interference of China and Mongolia in the internal affairs of the region, which allowed it to get rid of colonization and proclaim internal independence (political, administrative and cultural structure).

Until 1912, Tuva was under the rule of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, which ruled China. After the Xinhai Revolution in China in 1911-1913, Tuvan secular and spiritual rulers appealed to the tsarist government to accept Tuva under the protectorate of the Russian Empire. On April 4, 1914, Emperor Nicholas II wrote "I agree" on the memorandum of the Minister of Foreign Affairs S. D. Sazonov on the issue of accepting the population of the five Khoshuns of the Uriankhai Region under Russian patronage, which meant the establishment of a Russian protectorate over Tuva. In April, 1914. Tuva was declared a Russian protectorate and under the name of the Uriankhai Region was included in the Yenisei Province of the East Siberian General Government. After that, the post of the Russian Commissar for the Uriankhai Region was established. Tuva refused to pursue an independent foreign policy. The supreme ruler of the country was formally considered ambyn-noyon, the prince of one of the major khoshuns (districts). Local government remained under the jurisdiction of the Noyons, who had all the prerogatives of power. The Russian protectorate over Tuva, proclaimed in 1914, remained in effect until 1924, primarily serving as a barrier against external claims.

Today, after a century since the establishment of the Russian protectorate over Tuva, it should be stated that in the current ethno-political and socio-economic situation in the region, this decision was historically justified for the Tuvan people. One of the evidences of this is the opinion of the residents of the republic themselves. According to the results of an expert survey, the local population is not only well aware of this event, but also overwhelmingly assesses it positively and believes that the proclamation of the protectorate had a progressive significance for Tuvans. It is also important that, according to many researchers, this historical step contributed to the preservation of the Tuvan ethnic group and its ethnic identity.

The Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences supported the proposal of the Government of the Republic of Tuva, sent to the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, to attach federal significance to the upcoming celebration of the 100th anniversary of the protectorate of Russia over Tuva. The political fact has become part of the historical memory and one of the factors of unity of various ethnic groups of the population of modern Tuva and other regions of the Russian Federation.

By the beginning of the conference, a two-volume collection of materials, including 139 papers, was published. More than 100 reports on the problems of historical, ethnographic, economic, agricultural, philological, cultural, medical and social research were presented at the plenary session and sections.

The sessions were held in eight sections: "Turkic-Mongolian peoples in the world historical process"; "Philological sciences at the turn of the century: origins and present"; "Socio-cultural transformations in Central Asia in the XX-XXI centuries"; "Socio-economic development of Tuva in the Soviet period"; " Financial and economic situation of the Republic of Tuva: current state and prospects"; "Evolution and current state of the natural environment. Topical issues of environmental management"; "Agricultural science and production: history and modernity";"Healthcare and social policy of the Republic of Tyva"*.

The conference participants received greetings from the Head of the Government of the Republic of Tuva Sh. V. Kara-ool, greetings from academic and regional scientific institutions, and read out the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the unity of Russia and Tuva and the foundation of the city of Kyzyl".

The plenary session reflected the topics of all sections. A retrospective of the 100-year period of cultural life of the region was highlighted by the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan K. A. Bichelday. B. Enkhtuvshin, President of the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia, reported on scientific cooperation between the Republic of Tatarstan and Mongolia and its prospects. The participants were shown a four-volume collection of valuable documents on the history of Tuva from the archives of Mongolia prepared jointly by scientists of Mongolia and Tuva. A socio-economic review of the recent history of Tuva and an analysis of the prospects for the development of the republic's economy were made in the reports of the former head of the Regional Committee of the CPSU of the Tuva Autonomous Region G. Shirshin and the Minister of Economy of the Republic of Tatarstan E. Karavaeva. F. G. Khisamitdinova, Director of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, spoke about the language situation in the regions of Russia with specific examples from the experience of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Preservation and state of health of unique ethnic groups of Siberia is the topic of the report of V. T. Manchuk, Director of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institute for Medical Problems of the North of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. On the contribution of Tuvan scientists and residents of the republic to the study of monuments of ancient Turkic writing, based on the materials of his many years of field research, the head of the department made a report. Department of Oriental History of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences D. D. Vasiliev. Reviving spirituality and studying the cultural heritage associated with Tibetan Lamaism and local traditions is the topic of the report of the Rector of Tuva State University O. M. Khomushku. R. B. Chysyma, Director of the Tuvan Research Institute of Agriculture of the Russian Agricultural Academy, spoke about the main results and prospects for the development of agricultural science in Tuva, its attitude to the traditions of the Central Asian nomadic culture.

Section "Turkic-Mongolian peoples in the world historical process".

The history of the establishment of the Russian protectorate over the Uriankhai Region( Tuva), the historical and legal nature of the documentary sources of 1914, the attitude of Nicholas II to the decision he signed, the Russian population of Tuva in the late XIX-early XX centuries, the activities of the first representatives of the Russian administration, the customs outpost, legal regulation, social status and legal status of the population of the The period was covered by the section reports delivered by K. A. Bicheldey (Tuva), N. M. Mollerov (Tuva, TIGI), V. G. Datsyshen (Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Federal University), M. M. Kharunova (Tuva, TIGI), A. A. Samdan (Tuva, TIGI), S. S. Khovalyg (Tuva, TIGI).

Archival research on the history of the study of Tuva by Russian scientists F. Ya. Kon, G. N. Potanin and Siberian local historians became the subject of scientific reports by A.D. Vasiliev, K. V. Orlova, A.M. and D. Kh. Dugar-Syuryun (MNR), Ch. Monkhbayar (MNR), K. D. Arakchaa (Tuva, TIGI), V. N. Tuguzhekovoy (Abakan, Republic of Khakassia). The history of the formation, study, and preservation of historical and cultural monuments in Tuva was presented in the reports of U. P. Bicheldey (Tuva,

* The sections "Turkic-Mongolian peoples in the world historical process" and "Philological Sciences at the turn of the Century: origins and modernity", which were of the greatest interest to the authors of the review and in which the authors of the review directly participated, will be considered in more detail.

TIGI), D. Chadamba (Tuva, TIGI), O. V. Salchak (Tuva). Of particular relevance were the studies of ethnodemographic processes in Tuva and other regions of the Russian Federation with the Turkic-Mongolian population presented in the conference materials by Z. V. Anaiban (Moscow, IVRAN), E. P. Bakaeva (Elista, KIGI), N. G. Ochirov (Elista, KIGI), Ya.S. Mikhailova (Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Federal University).

The section "Philological Sciences at the turn of the Century: origins and modernity" was devoted mainly to Turkic and Mongolian linguistics and literary studies. Among the linguistic reports presented at the section were "Morphonology and internal reconstruction in the Turkic languages" by corresponding members. Russian Academy of Sciences A.V. Dybo; "Formation of the language landscape of the Sayan-Altai highlands" M. V. Bavu-Syuryun (Kyzyl, TSU); "Categories of emotionality and emotivity" by T. Odonchimeg (MPR); "Novosibirsk Linguistic School of Tuvan Studies" L. A. Shaminoi (Novosibirsk). A series of reports on Turkic-Mongolian lexicology and terminology was delivered by B. Luvsandorj (MNR), R. Asker (Azerbaijan), S. Dashdejid (MNR), R. D. Sunchugashev (Abakan, Khakniiyali), Z. E. Kaskarakova (Abakan, Khakniiyali), K. V. Yadanova (Gorno-Altaisk), P. S. Seren (Kyzyl, TIGI).

Tuvan folklore and the mythology reflected in it were the subjects of reports by S. M. Orus-ool, Z. B. Samdan, E. B. Mizhit (all Kyzyl, Tigi), N. S. Mainogasheva (Abakan, Khakniiyali). Epic poetry and historical tales of the Tuvans and Mongols are reflected in the reports of A. S. Dongak and M. B. Kungaa (both Kyzyl and TIGI). Kuzhuget (Kyzyl, TIGI), A. S. Chochieva (Abakan, Khakniiyali), B. S. Salchak (Kyzyl, TIGI), Sh. D. Oorzhak (Kyzyl, TIGI), U. A. Dongak (Kyzyl, TIGI), L. S. Mizhit reported the results of the study of modern literature of the Sayan-Altai peoples. (Kyzyl, TIGI).

Based on the results of the discussions, each section adopted resolutions designed for practical actions, as well as for the development of various state programs, including those for the long term.

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