Snow conservation — the practice of preserving snow masses for subsequent use during the warm period of the year — has evolved from local household tricks to an engineering discipline closely related to issues of sustainable development, water resources, and adaptation to climate change. Modern approaches combine proven traditional methods with high technologies, prioritizing environmental efficiency and energy autonomy.
Historically, snow conservation relied on passive methods utilizing the natural properties of materials and terrain:
Snowmen and artificial glaciers: In the Alps, Caucasus, and Himalayas, the accelerated accumulation of snow in natural niches for summer water supply and irrigation of pastures was practiced using snow-retaining shields and retaining walls. The snow was compacted to reduce melting and covered with a layer of wood shavings, straw, or sawdust. These materials create a thermal insulating layer with low thermal conductivity and high albedo, reflecting solar radiation. For example, such a method in the Swiss Alps allows preserving up to 70% of the snow mass until the middle of summer.
Persian ice storage ("yakshchal"): Genius constructions of ancient times, predecessors of modern glaciers. These were cupola-shaped earthen structures with thick walls and a system of underground channels (tubes). In winter, ice and snow were placed in them, and in summer, thanks to passive ventilation and insulation, cold water was obtained. This is an example of using thermal inertia of the soil and the principle of evaporative cooling.
Modern snow conservation focuses on reducing energy consumption, using renewable resources, and minimizing the environmental footprint.
Geotextile coverings (white woven fabrics): This is the main industrial tool today. Special fabrics made of polypropylene or polyester with UV stabilization have:
High albedo (up to 90%), reflecting solar radiation.
Phase change materials (PCM — Phase Change Materials): An innovative direction. Coatings or mats containing microcapsules with substances changing their state of aggregation at a temperature of about 0°C (for example, paraffins, salt hydrates) are being developed. Absorbing heat during the day for melting, they do not allow the temperature under the covering to rise above the melting point of snow, actively "damping" thermal peaks.
Biodegradable covering materials: In response to the problem of microplastics (fibers from geotextiles), research is being conducted on coatings based on cornstarch, polylactic acid (PLA), or processed natural cellulose. Their key challenge is to maintain strength and reflective properties throughout the entire summer season, after which the material must decompose safely.
Snow conservation goes beyond recreation, becoming a tool for climate adaptation.
Snow dams and artificial glaciers: In arid highland regions (for example, Ladakh in India), engineer Chewang Norphel popularized the technology of creating "artificial ice step" (Ice Stupa). These are conical ice structures formed by freezing water drop by drop in winter. Their shape minimizes the area subjected to melting, ensuring a slow supply of water for irrigation during the critically dry spring period. This is an example of passive hydraulics using the cold winter air as a resource.
Water resource management: In Scandinavia and Canada, projects for creating large-scale snow storage near hydropower plants are being studied. Excess winter snow is planned to be collected, compacted, and covered to use melted water for maintaining power generation during the low-water period of the summer, reducing the carbon footprint.
Urban microclimate regulation: Pilot projects in megacities (for example, Tokyo) study the possibility of using conserved snow for passive cooling of buildings in summer. Snow stored in insulated underground bunkers can cool air or water through a heat exchange system for air conditioning systems, reducing energy consumption.
Despite the potential benefits, the technology has a downside:
Production of synthetic geotextiles is an energy-intensive process associated with the use of fossil raw materials.
Therefore, advanced research is aimed at creating a full life cycle of the technology — from the production of biodegradable coverings to recycling used materials and integrating snow storage facilities into natural landscapes with minimal interference.
Snow conservation has transformed from a craft industry to an interdisciplinary science at the intersection of cryology, materials science, hydrology, and sustainable engineering. Its goal is not just to preserve snow for entertainment, but to rationalize water resources, mitigate the consequences of droughts, and reduce energy consumption, using winter cold as a renewable natural capital. The future of the direction lies in the development of "smart" composite coatings, integration with renewable energy systems (for example, using excess solar panel energy to power refrigeration units during peak melting periods), and creating scalable solutions for vulnerable arid regions. Thus, snow preserved in an environmentally friendly manner becomes not an anachronism, but a strategic resource for a sustainable future in a changing climate.
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