The history of Russian linguistics in the first half of the XIX century is almost not represented in our books and anthologies, and not everyone knows the names of the pioneers of philology of this time. Meanwhile, it was at that time that science was experiencing a certain upsurge, which caused the appearance of interesting and original works on linguistics, philosophy and history, which at that time were not considered different sciences, but acted in harmony. And the very education of the humanities was so synthetic that many specialties got along peacefully in it. That is probably why the philologist of the late XVIII-early XIX centuries was literally an amateur and connoisseur of the word and almost never, if we talk about big names, did not focus only on this area.

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Such was in many ways Ilya Fyodorovich Timkovsky - an original thinker, linguist, jurist, teacher, figure of the Russian and Ukrainian enlightenment of the first half of the XIX century.

The ancestor of the Timkovsky family was the Cossack Timko (Timofey Antonovich). One of his grandsons, I. F. Timkovsky's father, Fyodor, received the nobility and rose to the rank of collegiate assessor. In the Chernihiv region, he acquired a farm, which from that time on was popularly called Timkovschina. My grandfather had an ordinary family in Little Russia: 6 sons and 3 daughters. Many of them later became famous and revered people.

Ilya Fyodorovich Timkovsky was born on July 15 (old style), 1772 (according to other sources, 1773) in Pereyaslavl (in some works it is called in the old way - Pereyaslav). He received his initial education in the family: "My home education was so diverse that it would seem strange if it were not in the properties of that time. Its four years constitute a special century.

The first reading of Church Slavonic literacy was taught to me in Money) (locality. - O. N.) my mother and, like my uncle, who served on errands, from my grandfather's people, Andrey Kulid. His father was a Turchin or Bulgar, who was taken out as a child by his grandfather during the capture of Khotyn in 1739. The same Andrey used to carry me and take me to church, amuse me on an elderberry pipe, or blow loudly into the surma from a fat bodyak, and pick me bunches of strawberries in the haymaking fields. Not without the fact that my studies, tired of warehouses and titlies, were on the run, and I was tied to the table with a long handbrake" ([Timkovsky I. F.] Notes of Ilya Fedorovich Timkovsky. My definition for the service. A tale in three parts / / Russian Archive, published by Peter Bartenev. The fifth notebook. 1874. Stlb. 1381-1382).

In those places, in the Little Russian expanses, with their natural landscape and with the same characteristic of everyday life and life in the hinterland, I. F. Timkovsky absorbed the beauty of his native Pereyaslav dialect from an early age: "The natural dialect of Pereyaslavl is interesting for its softness [This includes, in addition to general changes, especially the conversion of the sound o into the purest and most beautiful soft and: my-miy, your-sviy, on-vin, alder-vilha, kon-kin, go-piide (approx. the author. - O. N.)], and in its forms there are such subtleties that are more visible than in Kiev. It was possible to refer to some remnants of the capital of the Monomakh century, at least a long-standing confluence of educated crowds" (Ibid. Stlb. 1406).

Then he was sent to the Pereyaslav seminary, the customs of which he described in detail in his memoirs. So, in particular, "the teachers were in awe, like demigods" (stlb. 1405). Or: "Festive and birthday greetings from all classes, one student at a time, with their teachers, brought to the bishop and rector, in Latin verses and speeches. I also had my share" (Ibid.).

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In 1785, I. F. Timkovsky entered the Kiev Theological Academy. One of the first biographers of the scientist, N. V. Shugurov, wrote: "At that time, every year one or more people who graduated from the academy's course entered Moscow University. They corresponded from there with their comrades who had stayed in Kiev, and those who had left sent them news about the university, its professors, and various details of university life. These news aroused in Timkovsky a desire, after completing the course of the Academy, to go to Moscow University" (Shugurov N. V. Ilya Fedorovich Timkovsky, a teacher of the past time / / Kievan Antiquity. 1891. N 8. P. 219). From 1789 to 1797, I. F. Timkovsky studied at the Law and Philosophy faculties of Moscow State University. In his declining years, he will remember with great warmth I. I. Shuvalov, A. A. Barsov and other curators and teachers of the university. Its very setting, discussions, and meetings are quite remarkable. Here is how he wrote about the "Meeting of lovers of literature":: "Meetings were opened by one person reading from the pulpit, his essays, a short speech or reasoning, in a decent way, with the knowledge of the chairman. Then there were others who brought and read their own poems, prose, elegant translations, reviews. All that was discussed in detail, critically. They included opinions about new books and opinions about language and literature. There were also disputes that sharpened the tongue - there were also the first soaring Permian, Merzlyakov, when he went from high school students to students. Many times he exclaimed then that Derzhavin could not have said anything better, as well as coffee fat with stars " (Timkovsky I. F. Monument to Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov, founder and first curator of the Imperial Moscow University // Moskvityanin. Ch. III. N 9. 1851. P. 44).

From 1797, at the request of the Prosecutor General Prince A. B. Kurakin, Timkovsky was sent to St. Petersburg, where he first taught Russian law at the Senate Junker Institute, and in 1801 entered the Senate secretaries. In 1802, he worked at the Department of the Minister of Justice G. R. Derzhavin. "At that time, he presented to the Minister of Public Education Count P. V. Zavadovsky his work "the book of systematic arrangement of Russian laws", for which he was awarded the Highest favor and a diamond ring, and the book was transferred to the commission for writing laws "(Maksimovich M. A. Memory of the Timkovsky / / Kievan Antiquity. Vol. 63. N 11. 1898. P. 263).

A particularly significant period in the life of the scientist was scientific and social activities at Kharkiv University, which opened in the early 19th century and became the center of education in Little Russia. "On March 17, 1803, the staff of the university was approved, and from the same time," writes one of his biographers, " I. F. was enrolled-

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He was appointed an ordinary professor ( ...) with an assignment to teach civil and criminal law, and in the case of an earlier opening of the Department of philological and verbal sciences - to read universal literature and history in it" (E. I.-V. [Timkovsky Ilya Fedorovich] / / Faculty of Law of Kharkiv University for the first hundred years of its existence (1805-1905). Kharkov, 1908, p. 187). For his scientific achievements, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (1807) of Kharkiv University. But not only and not even so much was I. F. Timkovsky's activity limited to this: "At that time there was not a single gymnasium in the entire Kharkiv educational district, and seminarians had to be attracted to the number of students..." (Ibid., p.188). Therefore, on his shoulders lay a very responsible work related to the organization of new educational institutions, the development of university programs, guardianship: "The appointment of teachers in the newly opened gymnasiums and schools depended mainly on Timkovsky. In most cases, he personally went out to open gymnasiums, composed their opening ceremonies, delivered speeches, examined students enrolled in gymnasiums, gave instructions to principals and teachers, compiled lists of books for gymnasium libraries, etc. " (p. 191). All this time, he was also actively engaged in teaching at the Department of Civil and Criminal Justice Rights in the Russian Empire. He teaches courses in Russian law (1809), state and civil Russian law (1810). And in 1807, 1809 and 1811 he was elected dean.

Interesting is the "composition of the faculty's rights and obligations", which included, in particular, " reviewing speeches "prepared for reading in solemn meetings". The official meeting of the university was held annually on August 30, and speeches should be submitted by July 15. Made speeches: (...) In 1808, Prof. Timkovsky "On the application of knowledge to the state and purpose of the State" (...) In 1810, Prof. Timkovsky "On estates" (p. 16). In addition, this also included "reviewing essays". In 1812 I. F. Timkovsky presented his book "An experimental way to philosophical knowledge of the Russian language" (p. 17).

The composition of the faculty where the scientist worked was diverse: in the first years, only I. F. Timkovsky was Russian, and the rest of the teachers were foreigners, among whom there was even a "former Benedictine monk". This probably partly determined the training system and the specifics of student certification. "From the above test reports for the first three years of the university's existence (...) we see that students ' tests during their transition from course to course were made from the same subjects that they listened to on the course, and at the final test-from all the subjects that they listened to during 3 years; the test was carried out according to the programs compiled-

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Students were taught by teachers in Latin, German and Russian; students drew lots for three tickets from each subject and answered in the language available to the examiner. Latin was considered a "well-known language" ( ... ), and since Russian was not available to members of the Yandex School of Data Analysis and Langu faculty, it was necessary to transfer the test program to Prof. Timkovsky's guide to the Russian language " (p. 21).

Since 1810, he was a member of the newly established university "Committee for testing officials and teaching science to young people who are required to perform civil service" (E. I.-V. p. 191).

Even almost a hundred years after his departure from the university, historians remembered their "organizer" with great warmth and respect: "Timkovsky had a great pedagogical experience and a rare love for school work; his merits in the original organization were very great; and they were justly appreciated by the grateful university, which in 1811, according to the author of the book, was founded in 1811. after Timkovsky's resignation, he decided to issue the following resolution to the journal: "The University will always remember with the greatest gratitude that the establishment of very many schools in the district of our university, which are now flourishing, is due to the prudence, diligence and tireless work of Prof. Timkovsky" " (p. 191; for more information about the scientist's activities, see: Bagaley D. I. Experience in the history of Kharkiv University, vol. I. Kharkiv, 1894).

The scientific and social activity of I. F. Timkovsky, a scientist, devoted and consistent builder of public education, was awarded the degree of Doctor utrisque juris (1805) of Moscow University. And in 1809, the Gottingen Scientific Society elected him to its membership.

In 1812, during the Patriotic War with Napoleon, I. F. Timkovsky actively participated in the organization of the people's militia. "At the same time, we in Glukhov," he said in his historical notes, " gave our advice, in case the enemy troops entered, to all owners, keeping up with their estates, for the sake of arranging and keeping them safe, to gather in the city, both for general security and for coherent actions." (Timkovsky I. F. Five years // Moskvityanin, No. 6. Book two. 1855. p. 129). And although the enemy did not reach the Little Russian hinterland, the whole district was in anticipation of a great alarm, everyone was waiting for the latest news. "Kutuzov," he writes further, " stuck to the proverb: build the golden bridge to the enemy. We have received cartoons about running people. They themselves went over to the maintenance of their militia and various deliveries for the troops "(Ibid., p. 130).

After resigning from the post of ordinary professor at Kharkiv University, I. F. Timkovsky served as an elected judge in Glukhov from 1815, and from 1825 devoted himself entirely to work at the Novgorod-Seversk Male Gymnasium, where he was the director.

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Such famous teachers and scientists as K. D. Ushinsky and M. A. Maksimovich came out of its walls in different years.

Finally, he retired in 1838 and settled in his Turkhanovka estate (in Chernihiv province), where he was mainly engaged in setting up a family, writing his memoirs, and farming. One of the Moscow journals of the 1850s even published a scientific publication of the scientist on the problems of beekeeping. There, in the family estate, on February 15, 1853, he died.

I. F. Timkovsky's linguistic knowledge was quite broad and progressive for that time, and one of the first textbooks on the Russian language created by him gives, in addition, a good idea of the level of education of the teacher, his methodology, the scope and content of the subject. His most famous work in this field was the book "An experimental method for philosophical knowledge of the Russian language, composed by Ilya Timkovsky "(Kharkov, 1811). The manual is written in the tradition of "universal grammar", i.e. it looks like translated Western European samples, but also contains a number of specifically Russian motifs, this is especially noticeable when the author describes the history of the Russian language. The book opens with a message about what it contains, with a list of chapters: "The rules of universal grammar, explaining the use of the Russian word, lead to the knowledge of its composition, properties and power. Judicious research about this reveals a gradual connection of subjects, which contains:

I. Grammatical analysis of parts of speech and the meaning of expressions.

II. Endings of derived words with their denominator.

III. Addition of words with an explanation of the meaning of complex ones.

IV. The product of words found in the speech taken as an example, and the use of the same words in other expressions.

V. Connection and definition of concepts for composing thoughts.

VI. Definition and connection of thoughts.

VII. Word order and sounds in expressions.

VIII. Antiquities of the Slavonic-Russian language and its relation to other languages.

IX. An initial guide to clearly understanding others and communicating your thoughts" (p. 3).

It is interesting to consider some grammatical "miniatures" by I. F. Timkovsky. There are a lot of modern concepts in them, and the explanation and justification often indicate that the root of modern grammatical thought has not undergone significant changes, only "overgrown" with new book terms.

So, in the first chapter, the author begins the grammatical analysis as follows: "The indication of the beginning of words, the expression of components, and what they are parts of speech" (p. 9). This is how he defines the "grammatical meaning of an expression":

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"1. An initial explanation of the subject and predicate is made, with brief examples.

2. Indicate the root word in speech, as the subject, and the root verb containing the predicate.

3. Words that depend on the subject and on the verb and are controlled by them are meant, with an explanation of these controls.

4. With each such word, the question is asked: would it be enough for the meaning, would this word not exist in speech? (...)" (p. 10).

According to the scientist, "a preliminary analysis of the grammatical meaning makes it easier to learn about the properties of the parts of speech that are in an expression, and should simultaneously eliminate confusion when words that consist of the same letters, but have different denominators "(Ibid.). I. F. Timkovsky notes the well-known "grammatical properties" of parts of speech: gender, number, case, degrees of comparison, voice, conjugation, mood, tense, number, person and gender of verbs, etc., and also distinguishes between "single, consecutive and indefinite denotation of verbs" (p. 9), which at that time was a stumbling block in the development of the theory of types of the Russian verb, and does this earlier than A.V. Boldyrev (see for more details: Vinogradov V. V. Russkiy yazyk (Grammaticheskoe uchenie o slovo): Ucheb. posobie dlya vuzov [Russian language (Grammatical teaching about the word): Textbook for universities], Moscow, 1986, p. 393).

The scientist's observations on "endings", i.e. word-forming suffixes of derived words, are interesting (chapter II). He also notes the most promising models, and points out artificial ones, warning against excessive enthusiasm in inventing new words. The following example is illustrative: "The endings of feminine nouns derived from adjectives, na is, ist, osst, livost, telnost and from the participle my na most, meaning an abiding quality, the ability to either produce from oneself or take on an action. The convenience of word production is very useful in the invention of words in the subjects of sciences, arts, and general use; however, it often serves as a reason for excessive and incorrect acceptance of such words, for example: utility, incomparability, walking, which are not only prohibited by use, and are better replaced by words with other endings or other turns of speech they may be, but others are also repugnant to the very meaning of their root nouns or adjectives and simple or prepositional complex verbs. And for that, great care is required in this word production" (p. 17).

By the way, academician V. V. Vinogradov drew attention to the prospects of word production with abstract suffixes in his time, referring to the experience of I. F. Timkovsky and as if continuing his idea: "The semantics of nouns largely depends on whether they are used "absolutively" or in combination with generic names."-

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the final case of the noun, the quality and internal property of which they express (for example, determination and determination of refusal; dryness and dryness of the soil, etc.) "(Vinogradov V. V. Decree. op. p. 113).

I. F. Timkovsky describes the properties of parts of speech. For example, he distinguishes single verbs (chapter III), "which have their own special adjectives, and which complement each other mutually with them, such as: to be, to be, to go, to walk, to tell, to lead, not, to carry" (p.20).

As already noted, special attention is paid to syntax, or, as the author writes, " the connection and definition of concepts for composing thoughts." And this is not accidental: grammatical experiments of the early nineteenth century were still strongly influenced by the philosophy of language, which is unthinkable without logical analysis; it was often not systematic, and was abstract in nature. Here an important place is occupied by the semantic relations of words, "connections of thoughts". These are largely the works of I. Rizhsky, N. Yazvitsky, and L. Jakob, published almost simultaneously with I. F. Timkovsky's textbook. Analyzing the latter's book, Academician V. V. Vinogradov notes:: "So in the presentation of the system of Russian syntax, logical concepts related to the doctrine of judgment-sentence and sentence members penetrate deeper and deeper, and occupy a central, exclusive position here" (Vinogradov V. V. From the history of studying Russian syntax (from Lomonosov to Potebni and Fortunatov). Moscow, 1958, p. 128).

In chapter V, I. F. Timkovsky defines the main members of a sentence as follows: "A thought containing a statement or negation, a demand, a question or an exclamation, is made up of a connection between the subject and the predicate.

a) The subject can be any part of speech that is named or invoked, becoming the subject of the expressed thought.

b) The predicate must contain a verb representing the subject's being, state, or action, or a negation of its being, state, or action. The verb also connects other parts of speech that are supplied in the predicate with the subject.

c) Every subject requires a predicate and every predicate requires a subject" (p. 27).

It is worth noting, however, that the original grammatical principles of I. F. Timkovsky, which were largely ahead of his time, nevertheless experienced some inconsistency, which, as can be assumed, comes from the lack of development of the scientific foundations of a number of fundamental issues of linguistics, especially grammar. Returning to the fragment just quoted (about the subject), we drew attention to the examples given by the author as an illustration of the proposed thesis. He suggests the following "gradation" of subjects by "semantic" feature:

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"1. Earth, water, air, heat, life.

2. Space, view, place, movement, time.

3. Weight, number, measure, term, part.

4. Sand, stone, metal, and minerals.

5. Grass, rose, oak, forest, plant.

6. Bee, eagle, whale, lion, beast, man, animals " (p. 69).

But then he also places such parts of speech that, in his opinion, have become "the subject of expressed thought", as:

"13. Firmament, liquid, light, white, fast.

14. Kind, strict, skillful, nice.

15. Dvadestiyaty, I, ony, (...) creative.

16. Yesterday, before but, ah!" (P. 70). Many of them cannot be called subjects from a modern point of view.

This is also observed further when he talks about the functions of the predicate and defines its role. In general, we can agree with his thesis (see above) that the predicate is expressed by a verb. And even more: he talks about the categories of modality, as if expanding the potential of the predicate. The scientist gives the following examples:

"1. I am, I have been, they will be.

2. Mature, turn white, die.

3. Shouted, I will call, continue, get killed.

4. I do not happen, we have not learned, we will not be afraid, we will not hope" (p. 70).

But when he tries to comprehend the structure of a complex predicate (simple and compound), then there is a significant discrepancy that goes against not only the current view, but also, as it seems to us, with the views of the author himself. At the same time, as a positive fact, it should be noted that the scientist does not just "decompose" the basis of the sentence into parts and characterizes their properties, but penetrates deeper into the very system of syntax concepts, goes his own, experimental way. So, he writes that "the predicate can be either the same, expressed by one verb, (...) or aggregate, consisting of adding other verbs or other parts of speech to the verb that define it. There are also whole thoughts in the predicate, which have their secondary subject and predicate" (pp. 29-30). The illustrations given by I. F. Timkovsky in this part are very heterogeneous:

"Mercy and judgment I will sing (here and further italics by the author. - O. N. ) to you, O Lord (Ps [altyr])" (p. 76). "I," he writes," am the subject (which is implied by "- O. N.), the other predicate " (Ibid.).

"All warlords claim,

That cunning can sometimes defeat strength;

And this is exactly the case. Hem [nitzer]" (p. 77). In this fragment, the author distributes the roles between the main members of the sentence as follows:: "All military leaders," he says, " claim the subject, that-a fairy tale[ue-

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mine]". About the second line of the verse: "All or many-subject]". Cunning sometimes defeats strength-a fairy tale." About the third one: "This is the subject]. There is exactly this: a fairy tale[at home]."

I. F. Timkovsky's arguments concerning "the order of words and sounds in expressions" (Chapter VII) are very interesting in many ways. The basic rule, in his opinion, is as follows:" Words should be put in such an order that thoughts are clearly and accurately communicated to others " (p.37). It distinguishes between two ways of constructing word order:

"arbitrary" and "rhetorical or poetic" (Ibid.). Again, the logical evaluation is accompanied by grammatical "guesses" of the author. He explains: "Necessity requires: 1) to first know the subject, for clarity of the predicate, then the state or action of the subject, the verb signified, and then the objects of action (...).

Arbitrariness changes the order (1) sometimes unnecessarily, at its own pleasure; (2) for the most harmonious correlation of parts and the most convenient communication of the power of expression; (3) for the best pronunciation and the most appropriate sound. This freedom of the Russian language is a very important advantage in its power and sounds, and it is of great use, like the ancient languages, in art and poetry. However, "concludes I. F. Timkovsky," it should, as far as possible, be considered in accordance with the necessary order" (pp. 38-39).

One of the researchers of Russian linguistics, Professor S. K. Bulich, who created a fundamental work on the historiography of linguistics, which still has not lost its significance, is rather skeptical and, as it seems to us, does not quite fairly assess the merits of I. F. Timkovsky in the grammatical part, although he admits that at the beginning of the XIX century "an attempt to found an exposition of the Russian grammars based on general grammar data (...) it was news for us" (S. K. Bulich). Essay on the History of Linguistics in Russia, vol. I (XIII century-1825), St. Petersburg, 1904, p. 559. Further, he also writes that "this book in general has a strange character, representing a kind of unreadable synopsis or a detailed program of the author's proposed "experimental method for philosophical cognition" of the Russian language" (Ibid., p. 559). S. K. Bulich believes that I. F. Timkovsky's textbook had "little connection with the general and general theory of the Russian language." philosophical grammar ( ... ). In this synopsis, only certain well-known grammatical schemes were outlined, which the author himself probably paid attention to when analyzing language samples at his readings at Kharkiv University. (...) Thus, in relation to general linguistics, Timkovsky's book is not of interest, despite the epithet "philosophical", placed in the title of its book." (P. 561).

M. G. Bulakhov expressed the same opinion, relying on the opinion of his predecessor: "Despite the promising title of the book [Is worth

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It should be noted that, according to the same S. K. Bulich, " initially Timkovsky's book, apparently, had a different meaning (emphasis added). - O. N.) title. At least in the list of books approved for publication in Kharkov in 1810 (...) the work of Prof. Timkovsky: "On the grammatical analysis of the words of the Russian language""], the author failed to present the grammatical structure of the Russian language in a strict system and consistent presentation. Most of the facts remained without a deep linguistic analysis" (Bulakhov M. G. East Slavic Linguists: Biobibliographical Dictionary, vol. I Mn., 1976, p. 244). V. V. Vinogradov's assessment is more objective: "Professor I. Timkovsky's book drew attention to the facts of language, to speech experience. It contained not only information on logical grammar, but also fresh material on the Russian language" (Vinogradov V. V. From the history of studying Russian syntax ... pp. 128-129). Obviously, V. V. Vinogradov had in mind not only a variety of well-chosen examples, but also the structure of the book, which presented the subject of the Russian language in a new way, where theory and history are links in the general chain of the "linguistic organism". The latter only received an impulse in its development at the beginning of the XIX century.

Therefore, against the background of interest in "universal grammar", I.F. Timkovsky's arguments in another area are very original and informative. The scientist was one of the first to talk about the stages of the development of the Russian language, its "antiquities" and its connection with other languages, relying not on the Western tradition, but on those still small attempts at scientific study of the problem, which under the influence of N. M. Karamzin, A. S. Shishkov and later A. Kh. Vostokov will find a purposeful channel. This is the subject of a separate chapter (VIII) of the " Experimental Method...", which differs from what is presented in other books. Although the arguments of I. F. Timkovsky are very fragmentary, and they cannot be called consistent (from the point of view of modern science), they still contain the rudiments of a comparative historical study of the Russian language and are very original in form, and therefore deserve our attention. "Language," the scientist writes, " is one of the tribal distinctions of any nation. In the properties and changes of both, the active causes are so combined that the history of a people also contains the history of its language" (p. 43). Here is how Timkovsky defines the place of his native language in the circle of others: "In the deepest antiquity of the Slavonian language, it bears some resemblance to the learned, unknown language in India, samskret, or samskrit, which only Brahmins speak and write. A greater similarity is evident with Celtic, and therefore with the languages of the closest peoples of the Celtic generation. Judging by the work of the Slavs, as well as their homogeneous Veneti or Vendian descendants, from the Sarmatians or Savromids, we take Medes as the root of their language" (Ibid.). We can agree with the opinion of F. M. Bere-

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Zina that "the author speaks for the first time in Russian linguistics about the close connection between the history of language and the history of the people" (Berezin F. M. Istoriya lingvisticheskikh ucheniy: Uchebnik dlya filol. spets. vuzov, Moscow, 1984, p. 32). I. F. Timkovsky's views on the relationship of the Slavic language with Sanskrit and Celtic languages, on the difference between Russian and Old Slavonic languages, and others also seem reasonable (now from the point of view of modern etymological studies).

The scheme of evolution of the written and literary language, in which I. F. Timkovsky identifies five periods (note that this is one of the first scientific classifications of the historical development of the Russian language by its monuments), is significant:

"a. To the first (here and further italics are ours. - O. N.) are the first translations of church books and constitute the oldest monuments in literature. (...) It is true that the first translations of these books were not the same as we now have them, but over the centuries they have somewhat changed in words, as we can judge from the manuscripts and printed editions that have come down to us from those ancient books. Many expressions that were published in them during the translation itself are noticeable due to the properties of the Eastern and Greek languages.

b. To the second 1) Russkaya Pravda (...) 2) Tales of Bygone years (...) 3) A word about Igor's regiment (...) 4) Teaching or spiritual, by Vladimir Monomakh to his children.

B. To the third 1) the successors of the Nestorian Chronicle (...) Simon of Suzdal, John of Novgorod and others, believed in the XIII and the next three centuries. 2) Contractual and other charters of princes from the XIII century (...) 3) Sudebnik tsar Ivan Vasilyevich. 4) The Code of Tsar Alexy Mikhailovich. 5) Orders and other works of those times.

d. The fourth period consists of the last half of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth. These include: 1) Statutes, decrees, and the syllable of court cases. 2) Various theological, philosophical, rhetorical, and spiritual writings of the clergy, such as especially Simeon of Polotsk and Feofan Prokopovich... 4) Other works and translations related to the sciences. 5) Selected historical and other folk songs of that time.

D. The fifth period makes Trediakovsky, Lomonosov, and Sumarokov the founders of the present pure syllable, which has been worked out by philology and criticism"(pp. 48-49).

I. F. Timkovsky also notices such properties of the native ("Slavonian")language. the language's openness and openness, which contributed to its spread over a large territory. "Considering all the changes in the Russian language in place and time, we see," the scientist writes , " that it, with all the increments and twists, not only retained the power of the Slavonic (language. - O. N. ) in its essence and highest use; but also communicated to those tribes in this form who mixed with the Slavs" (p. 50). The author also emphasizes the fact that the languages "Slavonic" and Rus-

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They are essentially of the same origin, but, "except for the introduction of other people's words," they have a number of significant differences from each other:

"ah. In the pronunciation of letters, and especially vowels, and in stress.

b. In the addition or release of certain letters and syllables and in grammatical changes of words; (...) For example: city, city; trees, trees, trees, trees; night, night; princes, princes; enemies, enemies; honor, read (...) (here and further italics are ours. - O. N.).

b. In the composition, addition, and meaning of words. Many of the old words were left out, new endings were adopted in the word production, and the meaning of other words changed.

d. In the word conjugation and management, for example [imer]: the sun shines my light; rejoice in the Lord; go to them, be cleansed; ozhe sya I will be where described.

D. In a syllable. The speech is sublime, and above all the written high syllable adheres more to words, word products, word conjugations and reprimands of Slavonic, however, not moving away to dilapidated use. Simple speech and writing follow the national elegance of their time" (Ibid.).

I. F. Timkovsky defines different layers of vocabulary in the Russian language: borrowings, obsolete words, etc., and distributes the first ones into "Tatar words", to which he refers altyn, arshin, ram, barysh, horse, sash, host, hut (p. 51, 269); " ordinary Greek and Latin words"; "words taken from present-day European languages"; "Hebrew and Greek words adopted by the church", such as Apocalypse, Apostle, bishop, John, etc. (p. 51, 270); "foreign words whose use is determined by the government", for example: admiral, academy, assignation, expedition, empire, officer, general, coat of arms, etc. (Ibid.). The selection of "ancient Russian words" that have fallen out of use or received a different "signification"is interesting. These are golovnik (killer), lipny (criminal), kuna, slash (money), sale (penalty fee and punishing the guilty), komon (horse), rumble and some others (p. 269).

In general, the structure of the book resembles modern textbooks, which usually have a theoretical part and a practical part. In Timkovsky's work, a much larger volume (pp. 55-310) is occupied by examples (we have given some of them above). These are not exercises in the accepted sense, but illustrations to the theses indicated in the first part, and they are taken from rather diverse sources, for example, from the books of the Old Testament, from historical studies (M. M. Shcherbatov) and monuments (Russkaya Pravda, Chronicles. A Word about Igor's Regiment), as well as from the works of Bogdanovich, Derzhavin, Dmitriev, Kapnist, Karamzin, Kostrov, Knyazhnin, Lomonosov, Trediakovsky, Sumarokov, Kheraskov, Chemnitzer and others.

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Evaluating the historical part of the book, S. K. Bulich notes: "The abundance of examples from ancient monuments made Timkovsky's manual a kind of historical anthology, which probably provided material for a detailed analysis of texts at the author's lectures at Kharkiv University. In any case, none of Timkovsky's predecessors or contemporaries had such a definite tendency to a historical understanding and presentation of the grammar of the Russian language, which allows us to consider him in a certain sense the predecessor of our historians of the language: Sreznevsky, Buslaev, Kolosov, Sobolevsky, Shakhmatov, etc. " (Bulich S. K. Decree.op. pp. 1009-1010).

I. F. Timkovsky's "Experimental method..." was practically forgotten at the beginning of the XX century and was almost not analyzed in modern science. Of course, the few responses to this work intended for practical purposes indicate a nascent systematic understanding of the problems of linguistics and, in particular, grammar at the turn of the XVIII and XIX centuries. This was determined a year later by another well-known linguist, L. G. Jakob, in his "Course of Philosophy for Gymnasiums of the Russian Empire" (St. Petersburg, 1812). Nevertheless, the experience of I. F. Timkovsky was of great importance for that time in teaching the Russian language, because it was not based on scholastic techniques, but had real facts of the language, lively, emotional, which contributed to the development of interest in native literature and intuition of the student's personality. In the scientific part, he allowed "not only to reveal the connections between grammar and logic, but at least in passing to emphasize the difference between their goals and objectives" (Vinogradov V. V. From the history of studying Russian syntax... p.129).

O. V. Nikitin

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