Introduction
The elite Arzhan-2 mound, which was investigated by the Central Asian expedition of the State Hermitage Museum and a group of specialists from the Eurasian Branch of the German Archaeological Institute, can be safely ranked among the largest discoveries of the beginning of the millennium (Chugunov, Parzinger, Nagler, 2002). The mound is located in the north of the Republic of Tuva in the Turan-Uyuk basin, in the area known as the"valley of the kings". Excavations were carried out here during 1998-2003. In many respects, this complex is unique: for the first time in Siberia, it was possible to study in situ the undisturbed burial of representatives of the upper social stratum of early nomads [Ibid., p. 123]. Variety and preservation of materials, the presence of numerous gold jewelry, ceremonial weapons, costume elements, household items, etc. they allow us to speak about the rich information potential of the monument. This opens up wide opportunities for the application of natural science research methods. In particular, the presence of wooden funerary structures in graves 2 (a combination of a stand and a log house), 5 (a double log house) and 11 (a deck) provided a dendrochronological analysis based on recording the variability of annual tree growth. Until now, the only published experience of dendrochronological research was based on the materials of the "tsar" Arzhan mound (Zakharieva, 1976).
In the presented work, based on the study of wood samples, the following tasks were solved::
- construction of a generalized "floating" tree-ring chronology;
- establishing the sequence of burials (graves 5, 2 and 11);
- determination of the felling season of trees used in the construction of burial structures of the Arzhan-2 mound.
Materials and methods
The source for dendrochronological analysis was wood samples taken directly at the site by I. Y. Slyusarenko and Yu. N. Garkusha (mog. 5), an employee of the Department of Dendroclimatology and Forest History of the Institute of Forests of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Oidupaa (mog. 5) and Head of the Central Asian ec-
The work was carried out within the framework of the projects "Development of a set of methods for absolute and relative dating of antiquities in Siberia and Central Asia" and " Ancient nomads of Altai and Central Asia: habitat, cultural genesis, worldview "under the program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences" Adaptation of peoples and cultures to changes in the natural environment, social and technological transformations"; with financial support from the Russian (project No. 05-01-66103a / T "Frequency of extreme climatic events and dynamics of socially significant events in the life of the Russian and indigenous population of Siberia") and the Krasnoyarsk Regional Science Foundation (project N G 16 148).
page 130
Fig. 1. General view of a grave pit with a double log cabin (the upper crowns of both log cabins are removed). Grave 5.
Fig. 2. The internal log house of mog. 5, reconstructed on the daytime surface next to the grave pit.
Fig. 3. Northern corner of the burial chamber mog. 5 (the different degree of preservation of the logs of the inner and outer log cabins is clearly visible).
speditsii K. V. Chugunov (graves 2 and 11). The collected material consists of cross-cuts from the most preserved sections of log cabins (walls, floors, floors) and decks.
Let us briefly describe the wooden funerary structures from which samples were taken for research.
Grave 5. The burial chamber with double log walls was located at the bottom of a grave pit with a depth of 4.34 m, oriented by a long axis along the NW - SE line (Fig. 1). The external log house consisted of 11 crowns of round edged logs with a diameter of 13.5 - 18.0 cm. Its internal dimensions are 3.41 x 3.68 m. The preservation of the tree is poor, especially the upper and lower crowns were severely damaged. There are seven crowns in the inner log house: six are made of one - sided logs hewn from the inside, and the lower (salary) one is made of round logs (Fig. 2). The diameter of the logs is 22-30 cm, the internal dimensions of the log house are 2.42 x 2.58 m (Mylnikov et al., 2002,p. 396).
Each log house was covered with a roll of tightly stacked logs. The overlap of the external log house, oriented along the SW - SV line, consisted of 22 round uncut logs with a diameter of 13 - 17 cm, the inner one - of nine one-sided hewn logs with a diameter of 16.5-25 cm, laid perpendicular to the orientation of the upper roll. The floor of the internal log house was laid between the walls of the salary crown parallel to the ceiling of ten perfectly smooth-hewn and tightly fitted half-logs oriented along the line SV-SW. The wood quality of this log house, with the exception of some logs of the floor, is very good (Fig. 3) [Mylnikov et al., 2002, p. 400]. In the center of the log house were the remains of a man and a woman (Chugunov, Parzinger, Nagler, 2002, p.116).
Grave 2. Stone slabs covered a two - step crate of logs oriented along the C-th line with a diameter of 15-20 cm, the ends of which were inserted into grooves specially made in the corners of the pit. The outer dimensions of the crate are 1. 2x1. 6 m. Below it were the remains of a wooden roll of six logs, also oriented along the C - Y line. At the bottom of the pit
page 131
4. General view of the deck in the grave pit. Grave 11.
Fig. 5. Samples of the same age from the inner and outer log cabins Fig. 5. 1-sample N 20 from the inner log house (88 rings); 2 - sample N NW7 from the outer log house (84 rings); 3 - sample N NW9 from the outer log house (92 rings).
a two-step log house with external dimensions of 1. 4x1. 8 m was installed. All the logs used in the burial structure are not hewn. Poorly preserved remains of floor boards oriented in the same way as the roll are recorded. No bone remains were found in the pit, which makes it possible to consider this grave as a cenotaph or other ritual complex.
Grave 11. At the bottom of a 0.8 m deep pit tightly packed with stones, there was a children's deck measuring 1.0 x 0.6 x 0.2 m (Figure 4). The wood was largely degraded, and the outer rings were not preserved. There was a child's backbone in the deck.
Samples were taken from all the best-preserved structural elements. Special attention was paid to areas with a reliably fixed subsurface surface, the presence of which allows you to determine the year of tree felling. Under laboratory conditions, the samples were first polished, then cleaned from the end part with a scalpel. The width of the growth rings was measured from the center to the periphery along two or three radii (depending on the structure and preservation of the sample) on a semi-automatic LINTAB-2 installation with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Processing of the material was complicated by a high degree of mineralization of wood.
Based on the dendrochronological method - a combination of cross - correlation analysis and graphical cross-dating-the relative dating of individual series was carried out, false and dropped rings were identified. Cross-correlation analysis was performed in the specialized software package for dendrochronological studies DPL [Holmes, 1984], and graphical cross-dating was performed in the software package "TSAP system V3.5 " [Rinn, 1996] with a visual comparison of the variability curves of absolute and indexed values of radial increment. The graphic illustrations presented in this paper are made in the program "Statistica 6.0". For the convenience of calculations, the first year of the generalized tree-ring chronology (M5) was used for the initial year (0), constructed from samples from the internal log house mog. 5.
Dendrochronological analysis of the material
Grave 5. From the extensive collection of samples taken at the monument, 38 cuts were selected by visual inspection from the internal log house and 12 from the external one, which had a good preservation of the peripheral part and contained the maximum number of rings. Comparison of samples from internal and external log cabins showed that at the same age, the latter have a smaller diameter (Fig. 5). Probably, the trees used for making the external log house grew in more unfavorable climatic conditions.
The procedure for measuring the annual rings of samples from the internal log house did not cause any special difficulties, because the wood was perfectly preserved, had a fairly wide and clearly defined increase. The obtained individual tree-ring chronologies were subjected to the procedure of graphical cross-dating (Fig. 6), which allowed us to date the series relative to each other, to identify false and dropped rings. The sensitivity coefficient (pi) (Ferguson, 1969) and standard deviation (o) were used to estimate the variability of individual series. The first indicator characterizes the relative value of the partial variability of growth, the second - its amplitude (Table 1).
From the results presented in Table 1, it can be seen that the average age of most of the analyzed children is-
page 132
revyev (60 %) is 80-100 years old. The high dispersion and sensitivity (mean value m = 0.37) of individual series indicate the presence of a well-defined signal for changes in the external environment in the width of the annual rings. The values of the inter-series correlation coefficient (average - 0.70) indicate a high degree of consistency of growth in samples in series, confirm the correctness of the cross-dating performed, and allow combining individual chronologies of samples from the internal log house into a generalized dendrochronological scale with a length of 200 years (M5 chronology: years on a relative scale of 0-199).
Logs from the external log house have the worst preservation of wood,
Figure 6. Example of cross-dating of samples from Fig. 5.
42, 44, 45, 49, 50 - individual series measured from the samples in fig. 5.
All of these samples, with the exception of N 42, retained the "subcrustal" layer.
Table 1. Results of cross-dating of samples from the internal log house mog. 5 of the Arzhan-2 mound
Sample number
Ring (year)
Row length (years)
Correlation coefficient
σ
m
Note
central
peripheral
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
41
198
158
0,72
0,50
0,40
Log cabin
2
110
199
90
0,68
0,64
0,37
South-western wall of the log house, crown 3
3
103
189
87
0,59
0,82
0,29
Same, crown 1
4
39
199
161
0,79
0,56
0,37
North-eastern wall of the log house
5
40
199
160
0,68
0,48
0,38
South-east wall of the log house, crown 1
6
43
199
157
0,73
0,40
0,43
North-west wall of the log house, crown 5
7
105
199
95
0,91
0,60
0,30
Log cabin floor, log 4
8
50
199
150
0,73
0,28
0,37
Log cabin
9
40
199
160
0,77
0,33
0,38
South-east wall of the log house, crown 3
12
101
199
99
0,75
0,71
0,29
Same, crown 2
13
5
199
195
0,73
0,70
0,36
North-east wall of the log house, crown 1
14
101
199
99
0,66
0,79
0,32
Log cabin overlap, log 2
15
103
199
97
0,78
0,73
0,32
Same as log 7
16
43
199
157
0,79
0,54
0,41
North-east wall of the log house, venets 2
20
112
199
88
0,71
0,53
0,34
South-west wall, salary log
21
109
199
91
0,76
0,78
0,37
Log cabin
22
104
197
94
0,82
0,74
0,39
Log cabin overlap, log 3
23
105
188
84
0,61
0,84
0,42
Log cabin
25
105
199
95
0,78
0,62
0,33
South-east wall of the log house, crown 4
26
107
199
93
0,76
0,74
0,37
Log cabin
27
74
197
124
0,53
0,68
0,40
Log cabin floor, log 5
28
42
199
158
0,82
0,55
0,40
Log cabin
page 133
End of Table 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
29
0
171
172
0,67
0,59
0,45
Log cabin overlap, log 8
31
106
199
94
0,56
0,53
0,39
North-west wall of the log house, crown 4
33
101
199
99
0,69
0,46
0,37
Log cabin overlap, log 11
34
101
187
87
0,60
0,77
0,42
Log cabin
35
110
198
89
0,74
0,56
0,35
North-west wall of the log house, crown 6
36
113
199
87
0,78
0,41
0,35
Log cabin overlap, log 10
37
103
199
97
0,86
0,83
0,36
Log cabin floor, log 3
38
122
199
78
0,60
0,89
0,37
Log cabin
42
4
198
195
0,68
0,53
0,40
The same thing
44
100
199
100
0,75
0,58
0,31
South-western wall of the log house, crown 5
45
107
199
93
0,77
0,53
0,35
North-west wall of the log house, venets 2
46
105
198
94
0,80
0,68
0,28
Log cabin
48
112
199
88
0,45
0,51
0,28
North-west wall of the log house, crown 3
49
41
199
159
0,78
0,53
0,41
North-east wall of the log house, crown 3
50
104
199
96
0,68
0,51
0,37
Same, crown 4
51
96
199
104
0,35
0,57
0,27
" " 7
Average value
0,71
0,59
0,37
-
-----
Note: hereafter, in cases where the central ring was missing, the first of the remaining rings was taken for it, similarly, the last of the outer rings was taken for the peripheral ring; σ - standard deviation, m - sensitivity coefficient.
Table 2. Results of cross-dating of samples from the external log house mog. 5 of the Arzhan-2 mound
Sample number
Ring (year)*
Row length (years)
Correlation coefficient
σ
t
Note
central
peripheral
NW6
121
199
79
0,52
0,75
0,40
North-west wall, log 6
NW7
108
191
84
0,63
0,52
0,37
Same as log 7
NW9
106
197
92
0,64
0,55
0,32
" " 9
NE2
65
199
135
0,48
0,37
0,33
North-east wall, log 2
SE3
79
199
121
0,44
0,49
0,33
South-east wall, log 3
SE5
64
153
90
0,53
0,55
0,24
Same as log 5
SW0
56
147
92
0,32
0,72
0,36
South-west wall, log 0
SW2
61
196
136
0,29
0,53
0,33
Same as log 2
SW6
99
147
49
0,45
0,90
0,30
" " 6
SW7
94
199
106
0,51
0,51
0,34
" " 7
SW9
74
198
125
0,42
0,82
0,35
" " 9
10
133
192
60
0,37
0,52
0,31
Log of an external log house
Average value
0,46
0,58
0,33
-
-----
* For convenience of calculations, the dates of samples are given relative to the first year of the generalized chronology (M5), constructed from samples from the internal log house mog. 5.
especially the peripheral rings, since they were directly in contact with the soil. As a result, the width of the annual rings in a number of samples was measured using only one radius. The measured increment series were dated relative to each other (tab. 2) and a generalized chronology based on the internal log house. At the same time, samples NE2, SE3, SW2, and SW9 show the following characteristics:
page 134
periods of depression lasting 10 to 15 years that are not seen in other series.
Analysis of samples of both the inner and outer log cabins that preserved the last ("podkorovoe") ring showed that all these trees were cut down in one year - 199th on the relative scale (Fig. 6 samples 44, 45, 49, 50). Since the process of late ring wood formation is complete (Fig. 7, a), it can be argued that the trees used for the burial structure were harvested in the autumn-winter period.
Grave 2.Nine samples were selected for dendrochronological analysis. Visual inspection revealed poor preservation of wood, its damage by rot, deformation and the absence of peripheral rings at a relatively young age of individual samples. In this regard, considerable effort was spent on preliminary preparation of samples for measurement. Only in the k3 sample, good preservation of the peripheral rings allowed us to assume the presence of a "sub-crustal" ring, indicating the year of logging.
Individual growth series were subjected to statistical analysis (COFECHA program) and graphical dating. This took into account not only the coincidence of reference (narrow) annual rings, but also the general pattern of the curve with alternating declines and increases in growth. The results of this work are presented in the table. 3. Due to age characteristics (at a young age, the growth of trees is more determined by internal reasons than by the growth of other trees).
Fig. 7. Fragments of samples with a preserved "subcrustal" ring, a -sample N 20 from mog. 5; b-sample k3 from mog. 2.
Table 3. Results of cross-dating of samples from the mog. 2 mounds of Arzhan-2
Sample number
Ring (year)*
Row length (years)
Correlation coefficient
σ
t
Note
central
peripheral
c1
49
135
87
0,69
0,51
0,39
Log house, log 1
c2
47
154
108
0,74
0,75
0,44
" " 2
c3
84
153
70
0,23
0,40
0,28
" " 3
c6
112
167
56
0,59
0,58
0,36
" " 6
c7
106
164
59
0,32
0,31
0,29
" " 7
k2a
79
167
89
0,25
0,40
0,23
Crate, log 2
k2b
73
140
68
0,21
0,34
0,25
" " 2
k3
75
199
125
0,36
0,60
0,29
" " 3
k4
47
171
125
0,59
0,67
0,49
" " 4
Average value
0,47
0,54
0,35
-
* See note. go to Table 2.
page 135
Figure 8. Results of cross-dating of samples from mog. 2 relative to the generalized chronology for samples from mog. 5 (M5). c1, c2, k3, k4 are individual series measured for samples from mog. 2.
the lowest values of the correlation index are typical for samples c3, c7, k2a, and k2b.
Cross-dating of individual series of samples from mog. 2 with a generalized chronology based on the internal log of mog. 5 showed good consistency of growth (Fig. 8). The graph shows that the formation of the last peripheral ring in sample k3 and the last ring of the M5 chronology occurred in one year. It is logical to assume that other trees used for the construction of the structure in mog. 2 were cut down at the same time. The good preservation of the "last" lifetime ring in a single sample makes it possible to determine the time of wood harvesting up to the season. In our case, the presence of a formed layer of late wood in sample k3 (see Fig. 7, b) indicates that the trees used for the construction of mog. 2 were also cut down in the autumn-winter period, and the synchronous alternation of the width of the peripheral annual rings (one wide, two narrow, four wide) confirms the correctness of the performed procedure. cross-dating.
Thus, according to the results of dendrochronological analysis of samples, wood for the burial structures of graves 2 and 5 was harvested in one year, during the autumn-winter period.
Grave 11. Due to the poor preservation of the wood, only two samples representing fragments of the western end of the deck were suitable for dendrochronological research. Visual inspection revealed the presence of traces of constriction along the outer perimeter. Graphical dating of individual series showed that the samples under study overlap
See Table 4. Statistical characteristics of samples and generalized chronology of grave 11 of the Arzhan-2 mound
Number
Ring (year)*
Row length (years)
Correlation coefficient
Increment value (mm)
σ
m
central
peripheral
average
max
r1
121
174
54
0,87
2,34
4,14
0,59
0,24
r2
91
152
62
0,94
3,70
6,76
1,08
0,27
M11
91
174
84
0,98
3,11
5,52
1,08
0,25
Average value
0,93
3,09
6,76
0,95
0,25
* See note. go to Table 2.
page 136
Figure 9. Results of cross-dating of samples from mog. 11 relative to the generalized chronology for samples from mog 5 (M5). MP-generalized chronology for samples from mog. 11; r1, r2 - individual series measured from two samples from Fig. 11.
on a 30-year interval. This made it possible to construct a generalized chronological scale with a length of 84 years by averaging the width of annual growth (Table 4). Using cross-correlation analysis, it was successfully dated relative to the generalized chronology according to mog. 5 (Figure 9). The difference between the last annual chronology ring according to samples from mog. 11 and the last M5 chronology ring is 25 years. However, since there is no "podkorovoe" ring in the samples from the deck, it can be assumed that this difference is due to the loss of some of the peripheral rings during the manufacture of the deck and due to the processes of destruction (rotting) of wood.
Discussion of the results
According to the basic principles of dendrochronology, the proximity of local conditions ensures a similar response of woody plants to the action of limiting external factors [Shiyatov et al., 2000, p. 18]. In this connection, the similarity-the difference in the growth of trees used for burial structures in the studied burials-was of interest. Thus, the high values of the inter-series correlation coefficient and the synchronicity of growth in samples from the mog. 5 internal log house (see Table 1) suggest that trees growing on the same site were cut down for it. No less synchronicity is observed when comparing the width of annual rings in samples from this log house and the deck from mog. 11. Therefore, the analyzed trees grew in similar external conditions.
A different situation occurs when comparing samples from the inner log house of grave 5 with samples from the outer log house of the same grave and from grave 2. Already at the measurement stage (based on the difference in the diameter of samples of the same age, see Fig. 5) it became clear that the trees used for the construction of the external log house mog. 5 and the structure mog. 2 grew in more unfavorable conditions (probably more arid). A graphical analysis of these series showed their good consistency with each other. Comparison with the generalized chronology based on the internal log of mog. 5 revealed that when the curve pattern coincides in most cases, there are discrepancies in some areas, which are probably related not so much to age characteristics as to differences in microlocal growth conditions. Thus, the trees used for the construction of the internal log house mog. 5 and the deck mog. 11, and the trees from which the external log house mog. 5 and the burial structure mog. 2 are made, grew on different sites.
Of particular interest is the fact that 60% of the analyzed samples from the mog. 5 internal log house started growing in the period from 100 to 119 years, and 18% - in the 40s (see Table 1). Such a "surge" can only be explained by the death of dominant trees (for example, as a result of fires, outbreaks of multiplication-
page 137
of insects, human economic activity, etc.), the weakening of intraspecific competition and, as a result, the rapid growth of the remaining undergrowth. Since no traces of fire were found on any sample, it can be ruled out. The presence of signs of depression for 10 or more years in NE2, SE3, SW2, and SW9 samples (fig. 2) is indirect evidence of the impact of needle-eating insects on these trees. During the period under review, significant volumes of wood were used for the construction of burial structures in numerous mounds (for example, the wooden platform of the Arzhan mound alone included the central one and 70 log cabins radially located around it). [Zakharieva, 1976, p. 101; Bykov et al., 2005], therefore, the "surge" in the beginning of tree growth can be explained by the fact that 80-90 years earlier, logging was carried out for the construction of the mound - the predecessor of Arzhan - 2. At the same time, the date of harvesting trees on the site rather fell not in the 100s, but in the 110s, since the age of the preserved undergrowth at the time of cutting could reach 5-20 (or more) years.
It is no coincidence that the felling time of all the trees with the peripheral ring preserved in their samples fell during the autumn-winter season. First, it is dictated by traditional methods of woodworking production [Mylnikov, 1999, p. 21]. The existence of a well-developed tradition of such production among the creators of the Arzhan-2 mound is eloquently evidenced by the burial structures considered here, especially the internal log house of the mog. 5. Secondly, the conditions of the mountain-steppe basins of the Sayano-Altai are most favorable for maintaining a stable cattle breeding economy, in which seasonal migrations were vertical in nature: in the summer they went to pastures in In winter, they returned from snow-covered mountain areas to more open, low-snow places. The best winter pastures are located in the wide swampy valley of the river. Uyuk (near the village. Arzhana), because the presence of reeds and tall grasses that are not completely covered with snow makes it possible to keep cattle on pasture in winter, and the relatively gentle mountain slopes blown by strong winds remain completely snow-free and serve as pastures for horse herds and sheep flocks (Gryaznov, 1980). Thus, in the autumn-winter period, there was a maximum concentration of population and resources in a fairly limited area of the valley, which made it possible to perform a significant amount of work related to the construction of "royal" burials.
Conclusion
As a result of the study, it was established that wood harvesting for the burial structures of graves 5 and 2 occurred in the same year within the autumn-winter period. Accordingly, we can assume that the creation of the burials of the Arzhan-2 mound itself is one-act. Judging by the samples from Mog11, the tree used for making the deck was cut down in the same year or close to it.
Dendrochronological analysis of wood from the Arzhan-2 mound allowed us to construct a "floating" tree-ring scale with a length of 200 years. In the future, we can expect its extension in both directions as a result of similar studies of wooden structures from the nearby mounds of the Valley of the Kings (including Arjan proper). The arrival of new archaeological materials on wood from this area will make it possible to use dendrochronological analysis more widely for dating antiquities and to solve the still controversial issues of chronology of nomad monuments in Central Asia.
List of literature
Bykov N. I., Bykova V. A., Slyusarenko I. Yu. Pogrebal'nye sooruzheniya kak istochnik po izucheniyu lesoobrazovaniya u pazyryktsev [Funeral structures as a source for studying forest management among Pazyryk people]. - 2005. - N 2. - p. 60-67.
Gryaznov M. P. Arzhan. - L.: Nauka, 1980. - 62 p.
E. I. Zakharieva, Dendrochronological study of the Arzhan mound, SA. - 1976. - N 1. - pp. 100-106.
Mylnikov V. P. Wood processing by native speakers of the Pazyryk culture. Novosibirsk, IAEt SB RAS Publ., 1999, 232 p. (in Russian)
Mylnikov V. P., Parzinger G., Chugunov K. V., Nagler A. Elite burial structure made of wood in Tuva // Problems of Archeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and adjacent territories: (Materials of the Annual Session of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2002). Vol. 8. - pp. 396-402.
Chugunov K. V., Parzinger G., Nagler A. Elite burial of the early nomad era in Tuva / / Archeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia. - 2002. - N 2. - p. 115-124.
Shiyatov S. G., Vaganov E. A., Kirdyanov A.V., Kruglov V. B., Mazepa V. S., Naurzbaev M. M., Khantemirov R. M. Metody dendrochronologii: Ucheb. -metod, posobie [Methods of dendrochronology]. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyar. State University, 2000. - Ch. 1: Fundamentals of dendrochronology. Collecting and receiving tree-ring information. - 80 s.
Ferguson C.W. A 7104-year annual tree-ring chronology for Bristlecone pine, Pinus aristata, from the White Mountains, California // Tree-Ring Bull. - 1969. - Vol. 29, N. 3/4. - P. 3 - 29.
Holms R.L. Dendrochronological Program Library: Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research. - Tucson: The University of Arizona, 1984. -51 p.
Rinn F. TSAP V3.5. Computer program for tree-ring analysis and presentation. -Heidelberg: FrankRinnDistribution, 1996. -269 p.
The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 13.06.06.
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